The Ice Flows By EJ Pratt Essay free essay sample

The Ice Flows By E.J. Pratt Essay, Research Paper The stanza structure Ice Floes was composed by E. J. Pratt and distributed in 1923. This author endeavors to pass on a develop of interconnection between numerous pieces of life. All through this sonnet the essayist utilized lovely gadgets to pass on this develop into the peruser s cognizance. These gadgets permit the peruser, who previously may hold been naive to the artist s perspective, to go edified with regards to his train of thought. These graceful gadgets incorporate similitude, likeness and embodiment. Different gadgets are utilized in the refrain structure, all things considered, these outlines are extremely extraordinary and bigly affect the stanza structure and he perusers misgiving of it. Any peruser would welcome this unconventional stanza structure on account of the author s capacity to stimulate understanding for the seal huntsmans at a similar clasp as demoing that what they were making was an undesirable coarse of activity. That is, in this story stanza structure, E.J. Pratt makes the peruser articulation through the eyes of both the grown-up male and quicken being. He shows the work powers in a similar spot as the seals were. The seal s fates were at the authorities of the work powers, while the work powers s fates were at the leniency of the inclinations of the sea. The essayist does this by doing great utilization of beautiful gadgets, for example, representation in the line: The Eagle in wild pursue of her work powers. This use of representation assists with building up the section frame and indict the peruser. Sing the work powers s pontoon as a living thing encourages the peruser to comprehend its significance to the crewmans. It is non only a vessel to the work compels, it is their offices of perseverance. The Eagle close, however in that impact The female parent was to the full every piece visually impaired as her brood. This line looks at the dependance of the crewmans on their pontoon to the d ependance of the whelps to their female parent. This looking at is especially show while sing the hidden noteworthiness of this poem.The utilization of analogies can other than be found in the refrain structure. One especially great likeness is found in the line: Each other ; like sheep we clustered and broke. Once more, Pratt exhibits to the peruser that the work powers are in like manner to energize creatures. Then again of the seals, presently they are sheep. This shows the congruity that exists between the crewmans and quicken creatures and the sea. As it were, everything is associated with one another. All through the stanza structure Ice Floes, you locate a wide extent of idyllic gadgets. These gadgets add life and profundity to this catching stanza structure. They serve to influence the peruser and to do them more to the full comprehend the author s thoughts. The achievement of this refrain structure is in huge bit because of the many differing gadgets. The way that the autho r exemplifies the vessel serves to acquaint the peruser with builds that may aforesaid be outside. In general, this stanza structure is viable in passing on the essayist s sees an nutrient D is acceptable meriting perusing. The stanza structure Ice Floes was composed by E. J. Pratt and distributed in 1923. This author endeavors to pass on a develop of interconnection between numerous pieces of life. All through this sonnet the essayist utilized graceful gadgets to pass on this develop into the peruser s cognizance. These gadgets permit the peruser, who prior may hold been inexperienced to the writer s perspective, to go edified with regards to his train of thought. These graceful gadgets incorporate allegory, comparison and exemplification. Different gadgets are utilized in the section structure, by the by, these delineations are extremely extraordinary and bigly affect the stanza structure and he perusers dread of it. Any peruser would welcome this exceptional section structure in view of the author s capacity to excite understanding for the seal huntsmans at a similar clasp as demoing that what they were making was an undesirable coarse of activity. That is, in this account refrain structure, E.J. Pra tt makes the peruser articulation through the eyes of both the grown-up male and vitalize being. He shows the work powers in a similar spot as the seals were. The seal s fates were at the authorities of the work powers, while the work powers s predeterminations were at the mercy of the impulses of the sea. The author does this by doing great use of graceful gadgets, for example, embodiment in the line: The Eagle in wild pursue of her work powers. This utilization of embodiment assists with building up the refrain frame and indict the peruser. Sing the work powers s pontoon as a living thing encourages the peruser to comprehend its significance to the crewmans. It is non simply a pontoon to the work constrains, it is their organizations of perseverance. The Eagle close, however in that impact The female parent was to the full every piece visually impaired as her brood. This line thinks about the dependance of the crewmans on their vessel to the dependance of the whelps to their femal e parent. This looking at is especially demonstrate while sing the fundamental centrality of this poem.The utilization of comparisons can other than be found in the section structure. One especially great analogy is found in the line: Each other ; like sheep we clustered and broke. Once more, Pratt exhibits to the peruser that the work powers are in like manner to energize creatures. On the other hand of the seals, presently they are sheep. This shows the congruity that exists between the crewmans and vitalize creatures and the sea. At the end of the day, everything is associated with one another. All through the stanza structure Ice Floes, you locate an expansive extent of beautiful gadgets. These gadgets add life and profundity to this catching stanza structure. They serve to influence the peruser and to do them more to the full comprehend the essayist s thoughts. The accomplishment of this section structure is in enormous segment because of the many shifting gadgets. The way that the essayist embodies the vessel serves to acclimate the peruser with develops that may aforesaid be remote. In general, this stanza structure is efficacious in passing on the essayist s positions and is acceptable meriting perusing.

The butterfly effect Essay Example For Students

The butterfly impact Essay This is similar of the class as frightfulness truly prefers to make evident who are the people in question and who are the antagonists of the content yet as I said no reasonable story hypothesis is utilized separated from Strauss where the unmistakable various endings show various resistances. The end shot is panned across in the dolly gradually to truly observe the shot and the pressure of the grouping and the awfulness of what they have done depending how far they are in the arrangement every one similarly as sad. This is trying as they are truly observed as youngsters as opposed to teenagers and delineated as guiltless yet they are viewed as perilous however by one way or another despite everything holds a thoughtful way to deal with particularly the character of Evan and not to the character of Tommy. Tommy is forceful to understand this no murmurs even should be heard the entertainers responses demonstrate their resistance to him that he is the extreme person as even the more established teenagers are beaten by him implying Evan with no expectation. We will compose a custom article on The butterfly impact explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The fantastic arrangements are seen exceptionally with soaked hues, to show how Evan truly doesnt trust it as it is a dispersion with mellowed skin to truly make the entertainers look impeccable utilizing gentler camera focal point Kaylee rises up to father as Evan terrified him after self destruction story and the language of screw pack gives a feeling that he isn't a youngster yet is the more seasoned person talking in an honest structure. Amy is along these lines making a more grounded character here and is shallow they are all piece of a part of society worthy of anyone's attention contradicted to before this is more than Evan needed implying a non practical scene. Repulsiveness is typically appeared with dim settings and separated settings this is something contrary to this the main scene which truly shows this is the scene in the storm cellar where the main lights indicated are candles lit, and the glimmer on the advanced camera, it truly upgrades being confined by being determined to a lower level and to show him as debased man with no place for blameless kids to run from him. Kaylee turns into a whore and in another arrangement working in a coffee shop unmistakably because of her tormented past indicated as forlorn and discouraged utilized with medium shots and incidental close ups as she isn't as lovely in these shots we as a crowd of people may feel compromised a group of people. An awfulness may do this however it didn't fit in to the conditions laid before us. Tommy anyway since early on is viewed as underhanded by the manner in which he winds the doll in the cellar following his dads strategies. The genuine awfulness of the film isn't the image as such it is more the mental ideas and acknowledge behind the film to acknowledge how hazardous and frequenting it very well may be the point at which you change something which you will lament. None of the settings were that outrageous there were barely any settings utilized and those which were are ordinary settings, for example, houses, college, school and the road the main dubious setting was the jail which was thrown in a genuine set to show the strength of genuine detainees this scene truly makes the dread and sensitivities of Evan and the ghastliness of winding up in a spot like this which after all the harm is done it is the place he has a place however the high edges permits us to feels for him. The crowd we expect would be the individuals who are enthused about the frightfulness class and they like to be terrified so the film does what it can to be flighty not meeting the desires for the crowd however finishing with the right significance which meets this. It might likewise intrigue those keen on Psychology intrigued how ones memory functions, most of the crowd will be an of adolescents so an unmistakable storyline should be developed to not be excessively mind boggling and as it is a worldwide book it needs to make ideological ideas that apply to all areas. .u825a925152ca68538afb7522b9c650c8 , .u825a925152ca68538afb7522b9c650c8 .postImageUrl , .u825a925152ca68538afb7522b9c650c8 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u825a925152ca68538afb7522b9c650c8 , .u825a925152ca68538afb7522b9c650c8:hover , .u825a925152ca68538afb7522b9c650c8:visited , .u825a925152ca68538afb7522b9c650c8:active { border:0!important; } .u825a925152ca68538afb7522b9c650c8 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u825a925152ca68538afb7522b9c650c8 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u825a925152ca68538afb7522b9c650c8:active , .u825a925152ca68538afb7522b9c650c8:hover { mistiness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u825a925152ca68538afb7522b9c650c8 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } . u825a925152ca68538afb7522b9c650c8 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .u825a925152ca68538afb7522b9c650c8 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u825a925152ca68538afb7522b9c650c8 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u825a925152ca68538afb7522b9c650c8:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u825a92515 2ca68538afb7522b9c650c8 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u825a925152ca68538afb7522b9c650c8-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u825a925152ca68538afb7522b9c650c8:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Inequality in the Film Idustry EssaySo this is the manner by which they had the primary topic of the connection among Kaylee and Evan as everybody can identify with having a smash that never went how they would have preferred it to go and hung up on the downturn of this idea it is eccentric in the manner it's anything but a glad completion yet fits in with the class which is one of importance. None of the catastrophes sketched out are not kidding in itself at the young age of 7 in contrast with what they transform into as he becomes more seasoned. A kid seen drawing pictures and playing with knifes are viewed as nothing genuine and is a feeling of investigating except if they are rehashed it is dreaded and stunning of him as he is past this stage close ups of him permit us to truly center and become separated of his life and choose why he does the things he does. As more calamities occur at 13 years old it begins to get stressing and the pressure truly indicates the stun of how this teenager has built up his power outages and not disposed of them the music truly helps this with since quite a while ago continued notes on the strings and passionate piano playing to feature the second and perform it making strain. Non-shockingly at 20 years old it becomes past the cutoff points with genuine violations, for example, kills and being placed into mental establishments. The parts of ghastliness are featuring the genuine minutes in an otherworldly part of playing god they are not run of the mill shows of numerous repulsions it is in a run of the mill setting it doesn't startle the characters it plays on their vulnerabilities and the setting all through the film doesn't change when re imagined. The portrayals are likewise exceptionally common. In his college years he is somewhat practical basic garments and room contradicted to the gothic character who he imparts his level to appeared as totally differentiated not alluring and outrageous in his garments. Commonplace becoming inebriated and engaging in sexual relations condition a development on the adolescents smoking and exploding dynamites defiantly who are appeared as ugly at this age could be indicating that they are exploring genuine experiences and nothing will change on the off chance that they dont improve this with regards to the loathsomeness going where you shouldnt. The blurring of the individual before the area is moved in to another scene truly makes the awfulness like Evan doesnt exist and has become alive once again.

Whats a Retainage Fee (And How Its Used)

Whats a Retainage Fee (And How Its Used) Retainage fee is an amount withheld from a contractor by the client or project owner. It is usually negotiated and agreed upon before the start of a project.The purpose of a retainage fee is to give the client a guarantee that the work will be completed on time and as per his needs.Although the successful completion of a project is expected, contractual details have to be put in writing.Although the concept of a retainage fee can be implemented in any business setting, it is most common in the construction industry.This has been necessitated by the complexity of construction projects.These projects often get delayed as changes are introduced in the course of the work.If you are a contractor, it is important that you actively participate in the negotiations of the retainage fee.In case you are not available, then an attorney can help. Just remember that it will cost you.Attorney costs aside, a construction attorney might be the best option for you especially if you are not experienced enough.If you are getting your first project with a big client, hiring an experienced attorney for the negotiations can be very helpful.As a project owner, a retainage fee will protect you from liens, claims and contractor defaults.The fee is only a small percentage of the full project cost (usually 10%).Still, you are assured of saving some money to offset any loss and inconvenience brought about by any incomplete work.History of Retainage FeeRetainage fees started in the UK during the construction of the UK railway system in the 1840s. The project was obviously a big one and the amount of work was more than the workers could complete.This created a demand for new contractors to join the project.Some of them were not only inexperienced, but also lacked the qualification to successfully complete their assigned portions of the work.This was a problem for the railway companies and they had to come up with a way of mitigating the risks and losses resulting from this.It became common f or them to withhold up to 20% of the total cost of the work. This was however designed to target the contractors’ profits only.The purpose of this was two-fold, and is still the same today. It is to provide the client with some protection from liens and defaults while giving the contractor an incentive to finish the work accordingly.There may be cases of contracts not implementing a retainage fee.This is not common and may not be good practice for big projects. All the same, it happens depending on the relationship between the client and contractor.The biggest reason a client can decide to ignore this provision is a record of successful work from a contractor.This will work on a project by project basis and cannot be expected to be the norm with a particular client.If you have consistently provided great services to a client for some time, he may decide to forego the retainage fee.This is definitely to your delight as a constructor and can improve your cash flow but comes with ext ra pressure.RETAINAGE FEE ACCOUNTSThe retainage fee is part of your business.As such, it has to be reported in your books. As a transaction by two parties, the amount involved is reported differently by the client and contractor.Retainage Fee PayablesIn accounting terms, money either leaves the company or comes into the company. When money leaves the company, it is termed “payable”. This will be the case for the party making the payment.In the case of a project you have assigned to a contractor, you are the one paying the money to him. He is the service provider while you are the recipient of the service. As such, your obligations are different.The full cost of the project will be recorded in your books using a suitable account description. This will be reflective of the kind of work being done. It may be “Boardroom Repairs,” “Ohio Branch Construction” or anything else.However, the retainage fee slightly differs from this overall cost. Since this is not paid until the en d of the project, you will record it as a liability. This is a payment you are expected to make at a later date.Retainage Fee ReceivablesAs the contractor, you also have to record the details of the retainage fee in your books.Because you are to receive payment, this will be recorded as a “receivable”.Although the payment is a liability to the client, to you it is an asset. You will be like a creditor to the client who now owes you money.When preparing your financial reports, e.g. your balance sheet, you will record this as a current asset.When you finally get paid, this can be used for operational purposes as it becomes part of your cash flow.You can also invest it depending on your business preferences.STEPS FOR COLLECTING RETAINAGE FEEThe retainage fee is an amount which should be collected.And for your benefit, you should collect it as soon as possible.The earlier you receive the full amount payable to you after the completion of the project, the better.As with other financi al obligations, your client is also aware of the need to pay the retainage fee.All the same, that will only happen after you have done all that needs to be done according to the contract you signed.Here are the steps you should take to collect your retainage fee soonest and with minimum challenges.Complete the Punch ListOne of the biggest obstacles to receiving the withheld payment is the punch list.Though closely associated to a checklist, the two are very different from each other.A checklist is a list of the things which should be done as part of the general project work. This is essentially a breakdown of the major tasks you are to work on.A punch list is different in that it is generated almost at the end of the project.Normally, you will have checked all the items on the project’s checklist.The client will then do a visual inspection of the project and list down what needs to be worked on in order to give approval for the payment.Depending on the construction work you were d oing, the punch list could include things like fixing leaking taps, unfinished paint jobs, faulty wiring detected in some rooms etc.All in all, the punch list is the project owner’s list of the small details you need to check on. This is the work which will make the client approve of the project’s completion. Provide Close-out DocumentsAfter successfully dealing with the punch list, there is one more thing to do. You have to provide the close-out documents.The close-out documents are those detailing the usage of the property and anything that is a core part of it.This will include copies of the legal documents indicating the agreements between you and the client.You will also need to provide warranty documents showing the relevant guarantees you are providing to the client.If the construction has used materials from your subcontractors, those materials should have a warranty.In many cases, these will include HVAC systems and other electrical systems.Whether the client knows your subcontractors or not, the retainage fee is based on his agreement with you.It is therefore upon you to ensure that all these are provided.If you sourced for material from other sources, you can give the client a copy of the documents while maintaining the original.These documents give the client an assurance of a good job done and availability of support.Submit the Retainage InvoiceAfter all these, the last thing to do is provide the client with an invoice for the retainage fee payment.The invoice is the legal document indicating your claim of the payment initially withheld.Without an official submission of the invoice, you will not be deemed to have requested for the payment.At the same time, you will be mistaken to think that the client will go ahead and make the payment without you requesting for it.Although he is obligated to pay, he will most likely wait for your invoice.For accounting purposes, no payment can be done without the supporting documents.You therefore have to pro vide this in a timely manner to prevent further delays.CHALLENGES WITH RETAINAGE FEEThe retainage fee, as good as it is for project owners, it is a serious challenge for contractors.Where subcontractors are involved, they tend to be the most affected.This is because the general contractor will often withhold some amount from them, just as the client has done.Withholding money from subcontractors has been proven to cause practical issues, especially with regards to cash flow.Since the subcontractor is meant to perform well yet needs the money to work, business relations can become strained.In 2004, the American Subcontractors Association published a report on the practices of retainage fee.It showed that a majority of the main contractors abuse the retainage principle. Here are some of the findings.After a successful completion of the project, subcontractors waited between 30 to 900 days before getting the retainage paid. The average wait time was reported to be 167 days (almost 6 mo nths).The worst wait times were reported to be an average of 529 days (almost 1.5 years) with the longest time being 2,500 days (almost 7 years)In more than 10% of their jobs, subcontractors have received less than the full amount withheld from them.There was reported a widely-held belief that retainage was not being used to ensure work completion. Instead, it was being used by the main contractor and project owner as leverage to push the smaller players into weaker positions.SPEEDING UP COLLECTION OF RETAINAGE FEEThe process of getting paid the retainage fee may take a short or long time.This is dependent on many factors and some of them may be beyond your control.For example, the client may not have the money to pay at the time you make the request.This can be due to cash flow problems. The client may also have planned for other expenses which according to him, are more urgent.This can be very unfortunate but it happens all the same. Money is never in constant supply and budgeting has to be done. This calls for prioritizing payments as a means of handling financial obligations.This is why debtors are usually given notification for payment so they can plan accordingly. Many business payments are done within 30 days after the request is made.This can change depending on the specific agreement between the parties.For a smoother flow, use these tips to speed things up.Stay Aware of the Retainage ReceivablesIf you have several projects you are working on, you can easily forget about the retainage fee. You can work to meet the needs of the other clients and lose memory of the pending payment.When this happens, it will definitely be long before you get paid. Remember that it in many cases, your client may not be in a hurry to pay you as he prioritizes other payments.Keeping in mind that there is some money owed to you is the first step towards working on receiving the money.This will remind you of whatever needs to be finished.There are two lists which will guide y ou in completing the work.1. The project’s checklist â€" the main items on the project’s checklist have to be completed. If you had envisioned finishing the whole project in two years, then try to complete the checklist in a year and a half. This gives you time to work on the punch list.For example, you may be constructing a new office block. The checklist for this may include a 10-story main building, a food court, parking lot and installing security systems. Once these are done, the client carries out an inspection.2. The project’s punch list â€" the client’s inspection will provide a report indicating whether everything is according to his requirements. This process may take some days depending on the size of the project.Anything outlined by the client as needing your attention has to be worked on. From fixing plumbing problems to making slight adjustments, anything can be required. It is only thereafter that you can proceed with your retainage request.Focus on Closing Ou t ProjectsClosing out projects may sound easy but often involves many activities. As such, the process can easily get derailed if you don’t focus on it.In working on closing out the current project, document everything that has been done in the course of the project. Ensure you have the relevant documents for whatever installations have been done.There will be a need for you to provide user manuals to facilitate quick troubleshooting in case of any problems. Some of the installations requiring user manuals are elevators and security systems.There may also be need to train the people who will be operating these systems.Technical training will be necessary to avoid unnecessary calls to your support center.This also empowers the client and gives them control over their property.You can easily get overwhelmed by all the work involved in closing out projects. To avoid this, have a dedicated team to handle it.You can have project managers who follow up with the workers and stay updated to any changes which occur to the project.This is also the person who will follow up with the client on the payment in case you don’t have a dedicated debt collector.Here is a video on some tips on what to do after closing out the project. Stay in Contact with the ClientHaving done all that you were expected to do and probably even exceeded your client’s expectations, do not cut off communication.Do not leave the task of getting paid to the project manager or debt collector.You can stay in contact with the client and find out his experience of the new facility.In the communication, remind him of the pending payment and work on sustaining good business relations.If you are the owner of a construction company, calling the project owner can go a long way in pushing for the retainage fee to be released.Just make sure that all the documentation has been done and there is nothing pending from your side.RETAINAGE FEE ALTERNATIVESRetainage has been in existence for a long time.Over the years, there have been complaints and calls to abolish it.There have been attempts at implementing different strategies of ensuring the involved parties still achieve the same goals. Source: Kegler Brown Hill + RitterThe reasons for calls for change have mainly been revolving around cash flow challenges.Three of the suggested alternatives are mentioned below.Propose to your client the one you think might work best for you. Maybe you will form part of the change.Trust AccountsA trust account can be implemented in various ways. Whichever way is agreed upon, these remain to be one of the contractors’ most relished options available.When a contract agreement includes the clause that the retainage fee will be held in a trust account, the contractor is most happy.In this arrangement, the retainage is deposited in a trust account and a trustee assigned to maintain it. The trustee must be impartial in his dealings with both you and the client.That said, the trustee has the opportunity to invest the money deposited to the contractor’s benefit.This gives you the peace of knowing that your money is sure to come, but it’s also growing.The client on the other hand has n othing to lose.In the even that there are any disputes, you will follow the stipulated process as outlined in the trust account’s terms and conditions.Performance BondsA performance bond is a promise given to a client to insure him against the risks of a contractor failing to successfully complete a project.The bond provides compensation which is similar in amount to the retainage fee.Performance bonds are usually given as a guarantee that a contractor will finish the job. In the event that he doesn’t, then the issuing institution compensates for the loss which has been experienced as a result.Collateral DepositsAnother option which can be attractive to project owners is the deposit of collateral.If you deposit collateral with the bank or directly with the client, you put that asset on the line for possession in case you fail to hold to the terms of the contract.Collateral can be anything of value ranging from land, a house or a car.This gives you the opportunity to receive the full payment of the project so you can comfortably work.Upon completion of the project, you get your deposited security back.CONCLUSIONRetainage fee has been used in the construction industry for a long time.The concept seeks to ensure the contractor finishes the job according to plan.Normally at 10% of the total project cost, it can hinder smooth flow of work especially for the subcontractors down the line.As more options are considered, there might be an end to this practice.The underlying intentions will however remain: the contractor must prove that he will deliver the work he promises to do.

Water Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment

Water pollution occurs mostly when people overload the water environment with wastes. It’s defined as contamination of streams, lakes, underground water, bays or oceans by substances harmful to living things. Water is necessary to life on earth. All organisms contain it, some drink it, some live in it. Plants and animals require water that is moderately pure, and they cannot survive if their water is loaded with toxic chemicals or harmful microorganisms. If severe, water pollution can kill large numbers of fish, birds, and other animals, in some cases killing all members of a species in an affected area. Pollution makes streams, lakes, and coastal waters unpleasant to look at, to smell, and to swim in. Fish and shellfish harvested from polluted waters may be unsafe to eat. People who ingest polluted water can become ill and if they’re exposed for a long time, may develop cancers, or have children with birth defects. There are two types of water pollution; point source and nonpoint source. Point sources of pollution occur when harmful substances are put directly into a body of water (such as an oil spill). A nonpoint source is when pollutants enter the water indirectly through environmental changes (like when fertilizer is carried into a stream by rain) The major water pollutants are chemical, biological, and physical materials that lessen the water quality. Pollutants can be separated into eight different classes: Petroleum Products - oil and chemicals from oil areShow MoreRelatedWater Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment1408 Words   |  6 Pages Water pollution is caused by impurities in water eg, lakes,rivers, oceans and even drinking water. This contaminated water can be the result of many different types of pollution whether it is natural or man made pollutants that pollute the water. This can have a significant impact on the environment as a whole. Moreover there are a number of other related issues that can be attributed to water pollution such as death and diseases. Water pollution actually accounts for the deaths of approximatelyRead MoreThe Effects of Water Pollution on the Environment986 Words   |  4 Pages!! Water has come out with its new, outrageously risque album, â€Å"Make Them Wet†. Their top singles, â€Å"toxicWASTE†, â€Å"I Got Fishes†, and â€Å"#fertilizer† are included on the album. This album has gotten negative reviews b y the EPA, claiming that it causes eutrophication and affects the environment of its listeners, calling it â€Å"industrial waste†. However, Water has already sold 2 million copies of â€Å"Make Them Wet† worldwide, and has announced its next album, â€Å"Pollute Me, Baby†. Dirty, isn’t it? Water wasn’tRead MoreThe Effects Of Water Pollution On Environment And The Environment1450 Words   |  6 PagesPollution is defined as the contamination of air, water, or soil by substances that are harmful to living organisms. Excessive levels of pollution are causing a lot of damage to plants, and human and animal health, This is a major problem in the environment today; pollution effects are certainly prominent in todays world. Without realizing it we as humans contribute to the waste and contamination to both our bodies and the environment around us. In addition there are also many other causes toRead MoreThe Effects Of Water Pollution On The Environme nt1322 Words   |  6 PagesImagine how bad these issues would be if they were in your neighborhood. The effects would be catastrophic but one major issue that most americans don t realize and have been spoiled to never being without is Clean Water. Water is a major concern all around the world but here in america we have rarely experienced any type of serious water shortages. Just because america has never had any problem such as lack of clean drinkable water doesn t mean it won t happen in the future. We are rapidly using allRead MoreThe Effects Of Water Pollution On The Environment Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pageskilled in the contaminated water. There is another man-made pollutant of water nowadays.  Waste water from factories or domestic places has flowed into waters, and as a result water pollution is getting more  serious. Water shortage is also on the rise,  but imagine a world where someone suffer from both  water shortage and water pollution. To prevent further po llution and to conserve the environment, it is crucial to  be aware of the  effects of water pollution. Water pollution incurs not only environmentalRead MoreWater Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment970 Words   |  4 PagesWater covers almost 75% of the earth’s surface and is undoubtedly our most precious natural resource that exists on our planet today. There won’t be any living organism on our planet without water. Water Pollution occurs when a body of water is severely affected due to addition of large amount of materials to the water.[Missouri Botanical Garden] Pollutions such as sewage and fertilizers contain nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates. At high levels, nutrients can over stimulate the growthRead MoreWater Pollution and Its Effects on the Environment5759 Words   |  24 PagesWater Pollution and Its Effects on the Environment Water is probably the most important resource we as people have. Humans can survive without food for several weeks, but without water we would die in less than a week. On a slightly less dramatic note, millions of liters of water are needed every day worldwide for washing, irrigating crops, and cooling industrial processes, not to mention leisure industries such as swimming pools and water-sports centers. Despite our dependence on water, we useRead MoreThe Effects Of Water Pollution On The Environment1269 Words   |  6 PagesWater pollution is often impaired by anthropogenic contaminants that are classified into either a point source of pollution or nonpoint source of pollution. The introduction of harmful toxins in an aquatic food chain can result in high levels of contamination in fish, which can be harmful to humans who eat them. State and national agencies monitoring our waters is essential to understanding the effects of water degradation. Every state in the United States has developed standards for fish consumptionRead MoreWater Pollution And Its Effect On The Environment1846 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Water can be said to be â€Å"polluted†, on the introduction of harmful materials in such a way that its natural qualities are so transformed as to contaminated its usefulness. Alternatively, render it offensive to the sense of smell, sight or taste. Water pollution has many definitions. However, the essential elements of most definitions are the concentration of a particular pollutant in water for a sufficient period to cause a certain effect. If it related health such as the ones causedRead MoreWater Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment1323 Words   |  6 Pagesworld billions of people do not have access to the clean water they need. They either have to travel miles to get clean water or they have to settle for the unsafe water near them. Water is polluted daily by trash and waste chemicals. There is an island made from trash in the Pacific Ocean and each day it continues to grow. Communities of people die each year for drought, life that could otherwise be saved if only they had access to water. It is possible to stop all these deaths from occurring altogether Water Pollution and Its Effects on the Environment Water Pollution and Its Effects on the Environment Water is probably the most important resource we as people have. Humans can survive without food for several weeks, but without water we would die in less than a week. On a slightly less dramatic note, millions of liters of water are needed every day worldwide for washing, irrigating crops, and cooling industrial processes, not to mention leisure industries such as swimming pools and water-sports centers. Despite our dependence on water, we use it as a dumping ground for all sorts of waste, and do very little to protect the water supplies we have. Water pollution is starting all over the world. Water pollution occurs when waste products or other substances, such as microorganisms,†¦show more content†¦Right now, the oceans are facing destruction. Each day new pollutants find their way into the oceans waters. The pollutants that contaminate the ocean take many forms. Each year millions of gallons of oil are put into the ocean. Toxic materials are dumped into the oceans and add up to deadly proportions. Tons of trash such as plastics and paper are pulled out of the ocean each day. This trash contaminates the water and causes many deaths of marine animals. Everyone on the planet has polluted the oceans one way or another. Factories that are in various industries make an enormous contribution to ocean pollution. These factories use unbelievable amounts of water to make their products. The Natural Resource Defense Council says, More than four out of every ten gallons of water used in the US are used for industrial purposes . A large amount of this water is dumped back into the oceans. This water is usually not clean, and may contain thousands of different chemicals. When this happens it can kill marine life, contaminate food supplies, and endanger people who use waters for fishing, swimming, or drinking. Water is also dumped back into the oceans by power plants who use it to cool reactors. This water is placed back into the oceans at high temperatures. Dumping water at these high temperatures causes a disruption in the marine environment. According to the book by Peter Weber, The water from powerShow MoreRelatedWater Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment1408 Words   |  6 Pages Water pollution is caused by impurities in water eg, lakes,rivers, oceans and even drinking water. This contaminated water can be the result of many different types of pollution whether it is natural or man made pollutants that pollute the water. This can have a significant impact on the environment as a whole. Mo reover there are a number of other related issues that can be attributed to water pollution such as death and diseases. Water pollution actually accounts for the deaths of approximatelyRead MoreThe Effects of Water Pollution on the Environment986 Words   |  4 Pages!! Water has come out with its new, outrageously risque album, â€Å"Make Them Wet†. Their top singles, â€Å"toxicWASTE†, â€Å"I Got Fishes†, and â€Å"#fertilizer† are included on the album. This album has gotten negative reviews by the EPA, claiming that it causes eutrophication and affects the environment of its listeners, calling it â€Å"industrial waste†. However, Water has already sold 2 million copies of â€Å"Make Them Wet† worldwide, and has announced its next album, â€Å"Pollute Me, Baby†. Dirty, isn’t it? Water wasn’tRead MoreThe Effects Of Water Pollution On Environment And The Environment1450 Words   |  6 PagesPollution is defined as the contamination of air, water, or soil by substances that are harmful to living organisms. Excessive levels of pollution are causing a lot of damage to plants, and human and animal health, This is a major problem in the environment today; pollution effects are certainly prominent in todays world. Without realizing it we as humans contribute to the waste and contamination to both our bodies and the environment around us. In addition there are also many other causes toRead MoreThe Effects Of Water Pollution On The Environment1322 Words   |  6 PagesImagine how bad these issues would be if they were in your neighborhood. The effects would be catastrophic but one major issue that most americans don t realize and have been spoiled to never being without is Clean Water. Water is a major concern all around the world but here in america we have rarely experienced any type of serious water shortages. Just because america has never had any problem such as lack of clean drinkable wat er doesn t mean it won t happen in the future. We are rapidly using allRead MoreThe Effects Of Water Pollution On The Environment Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pageskilled in the contaminated water. There is another man-made pollutant of water nowadays.  Waste water from factories or domestic places has flowed into waters, and as a result water pollution is getting more  serious. Water shortage is also on the rise,  but imagine a world where someone suffer from both  water shortage and water pollution. To prevent further pollution and to conserve the environment, it is crucial to  be aware of the  effects of water pollution. Water pollution incurs not only environmentalRead MoreWater Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment970 Words   |  4 PagesWater covers almost 75% of the earth’s surface and is undoubtedly our most precious natural resource that exists on our planet today. There won’t be any living organism on our planet without water. Water Polluti on occurs when a body of water is severely affected due to addition of large amount of materials to the water.[Missouri Botanical Garden] Pollutions such as sewage and fertilizers contain nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates. At high levels, nutrients can over stimulate the growthRead MoreThe Effects Of Water Pollution On The Environment1269 Words   |  6 PagesWater pollution is often impaired by anthropogenic contaminants that are classified into either a point source of pollution or nonpoint source of pollution. The introduction of harmful toxins in an aquatic food chain can result in high levels of contamination in fish, which can be harmful to humans who eat them. State and national agencies monitoring our waters is essential to understanding the effects of water degradation. Every state in the United States has developed standards for fish consumptionRead MoreWater Pollution And Its Effect On The Environment1846 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Water can be said to be â€Å"polluted†, on the introduction of harmful materials in such a way that its natural qualities are so transformed as to contaminated its usefulness. Alternatively, render it offensive to the sense of smell, sight or taste. Water pollution has many definitions. However, the essential elements of most definitions are the concentration of a particular pollutant in water for a sufficient period to cause a certain effect. If it related health such as the ones causedRead MoreWater Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment1323 Words   |  6 Pagesworld billions of people do not have access to the clean water they need. They either have to travel miles to get clean water or they have to settle for the unsafe water near them. Water is polluted daily by trash and waste chemicals. There is an island made from trash in the Pacific Ocean and each day it continues to grow. Communities of people die each year for drought, life that could otherwise be saved if only they had access to water. It is possible to stop all these deaths from occurring altogetherRead MoreWater Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment1556 Words   |  7 Pages You see a sewer or pipe line dumping wastewater or sewage into a river, lake, or ocean. Ask yourself this question: would you drink from that water source? You see a sea otter or a seal swimming in water that has been contaminated by oil from an oil spill. Ask yourself another question: would you live in these waters? You see what you know as acid rain directly pounding onto a stream, lake or river. Ask yourself a final question would you eat the vegetation or the fish that directly come into contact Water Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment Water covers almost 75% of the earth’s surface and is undoubtedly our most precious natural resource that exists on our planet today. There won’t be any living organism on our planet without water. Water Pollution occurs when a body of water is severely affected due to addition of large amount of materials to the water.[Missouri Botanical Garden] Pollutions such as sewage and fertilizers contain nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates. At high levels, nutrients can over stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and algae. Excessive growth of these types of organisms consequently clogs our waterways, use up dissolved oxygen as they decompose, and block light to deeper waters.[David Krantz] This could be very harmful to aquatic organisms as it affects the respiration ability of fish and other creatures of the sea. Pollution is also caused when silt and other suspended solids, such as soil, washoff plowed fields, construction and logging sites, urban areas, and eroded river banks when it rains.[David Krantz] Pollution in the form of organic material enters waterways in many different forms as sewage, as leaves and grass clippings, or as runoff from livestock feedlots and pastures. When natural bacteria and protozoan in the water break down this organic material, they begin to use up the oxygen dissolved in the water. Many types of fish and bottom-dwelling animals cannot survive when levels of dissolved oxygen drop below two to five parts per million. When this occurs, itShow MoreRelatedWater Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment1408 Words   |  6 Pages Water pollution is caused by impurities in water eg, lakes,rivers, oceans and even drinking water. This contaminated water can be the result of many different types of pollution whether it is natural or man made pollutants that pollute the water. This can have a significant impact on the environment as a whole. Moreover there are a number of other related issues that can be attributed to water pollution such as death and diseases. Water pollution actually accounts for the deaths of approximatelyRead MoreThe Effects of Water Pollution on the Environment986 Words   |  4 Pages!! Water has come out with its new, outrageously risque album, â€Å"Make Them Wet†. Their top singles, â€Å"toxicWASTE†, â€Å"I Got Fishes†, and â€Å"#fertilizer† are included on the album. This album has gotten negative reviews by the EPA, claiming that it causes eutrophication and affects the environment of its listeners, calling it â€Å"industrial waste†. However, Water has already sold 2 million copies of â€Å"Make Them Wet† worldwide, and has announced its next album, â€Å"Pollute Me, Baby†. Dirty, isn’t it? Water wasn’tRead MoreThe Effects Of Water Pollution On Environment And The Environment1450 Words   |  6 PagesPollution is defined as the contamination of air, water, or soil by substances that are harmful to l iving organisms. Excessive levels of pollution are causing a lot of damage to plants, and human and animal health, This is a major problem in the environment today; pollution effects are certainly prominent in todays world. Without realizing it we as humans contribute to the waste and contamination to both our bodies and the environment around us. In addition there are also many other causes toRead MoreThe Effects Of Water Pollution On The Environment1322 Words   |  6 PagesImagine how bad these issues would be if they were in your neighborhood. The effects would be catastrophic but one major issue that most americans don t realize and have been spoiled to never being without is Clean Water. Water is a major concern all around the world but here in america we have rarely experienced any type of serious water shortages. Just because america has never had any problem such as lack of clean drinkable water doesn t mean it won t happen in the future. We are rapidly using allRead M oreThe Effects Of Water Pollution On The Environment Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pageskilled in the contaminated water. There is another man-made pollutant of water nowadays.  Waste water from factories or domestic places has flowed into waters, and as a result water pollution is getting more  serious. Water shortage is also on the rise,  but imagine a world where someone suffer from both  water shortage and water pollution. To prevent further pollution and to conserve the environment, it is crucial to  be aware of the  effects of water pollution. Water pollution incurs not only environmentalRead MoreWater Pollution and Its Effects on the Environment5759 Words   |  24 PagesWater Pollution and Its Effects on the Environment Water is probably the most important resource we as people have. Humans can survive without food for several weeks, but without water we would die in less than a week. On a slightly less dramatic note, millions of liters of water are needed every day worldwide for washing, irrigating crops, and cooling industrial processes, not to mention leisure industries such as swimming pools and water-sports centers. Despite our dependence on water, we useRead MoreThe Effects Of Water Pollution On The Environment1269 Words   |  6 PagesWater pollution is often impaired by anthropogenic contaminants that are classified into either a point source of pollution or nonpoint source of pollution. The introduction of harmful toxins in an aquatic food chain can result in high levels of contamination in fish, which can be harmful to humans who eat them. State and national agencies monitoring our waters is essential to understanding the effects of water degradation. Every state in the United States has developed standards for fish consumptionRead MoreWater Pollution And Its Effect On The Environment1846 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Water can be said to be â€Å"polluted†, on the introduction of harmful materials in such a way that its natural qualities are so transformed as to contaminated its usefulness. Alternatively, render it offensive to the sense of smell, sight or taste. Water pollution has many definitions. However, the essential elements of most definitions are the concentration of a particular pollutant in water for a sufficient period to cause a certain effect. If it related health such as the ones causedRead MoreWater Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment1323 Words   |  6 Pagesworld billions of people do not have access to the clean water they need. They either have to travel miles to get clean water or they have to settle for the unsafe water near them. Water is polluted daily by trash and waste chemicals. There is an island made from trash in the Pacific Ocean and each day it continues to grow. Communities of people die each year for drought, life that could otherwise be saved if only they had access to water. It is possible to stop all these deaths from occurring altogetherRead MoreWater Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment1556 Words   |  7 Pages You see a sewer or pipe line dumping wastewater or sewage into a river, lake, or ocean. Ask yourself this question: would you drink from that water source? You see a sea otter or a seal swimming in water that has been contaminated by oil from an oil spill. Ask yourself another question: would you live in these waters? You see what you know as acid rain directly pounding onto a stream, lake or river. Ask yourself a final question would you eat the vegetation or the fish that directly come into contact Water Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment In today s world billions of people do not have access to the clean water they need. They either have to travel miles to get clean water or they have to settle for the unsafe water near them. Water is polluted daily by trash and waste chemicals. There is an island made from trash in the Pacific Ocean and each day it continues to grow. Communities of people die each year for drought, life that could otherwise be saved if only they had access to water. It is possible to stop all these deaths from occurring altogether and to save billions of people from needless deaths. The solution is clear, we must drain all the water from every possible source and store it in tanks. Drain the rivers, drain the creeks, drain the lakes, drain the ocean, and extract the moisture from the air. It is clear that most of the population cannot be responsible for water which makes it clear that water needs to be privatized and monopolized. That is the only way people can be assured the water they need. With today s modern technology trapping and storing water would extremely simple. We just need to create tanks that can store the water we take from the earth. They need to be closed tops. The tanks don t need to be too big because we want to spread these tanks across the world evenly so no one is without water. I suggest the small size of building tanks the size of the empire states building. Empire tanks as I like to call them will be built all across the world, supplying water to the nearbyShow MoreRelatedWater Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment1408 Words   |  6 Pages Water pollution is caused by impurities in water eg, lakes,rivers, oceans and even drinking water. This contaminated water can be the result of many different types of pollution whether it is natural or man made pollutants that pollute the water. This can have a significant impact on the environment as a whole. Moreover there are a number of other related issues that can be attributed to water poll ution such as death and diseases. Water pollution actually accounts for the deaths of approximatelyRead MoreThe Effects of Water Pollution on the Environment986 Words   |  4 Pages!! Water has come out with its new, outrageously risque album, â€Å"Make Them Wet†. Their top singles, â€Å"toxicWASTE†, â€Å"I Got Fishes†, and â€Å"#fertilizer† are included on the album. This album has gotten negative reviews by the EPA, claiming that it causes eutrophication and affects the environment of its listeners, calling it â€Å"industrial waste†. However, Water has already sold 2 million copies of â€Å"Make Them Wet† worldwide, and has announced its next album, â€Å"Pollute Me, Baby†. Dirty, isn’t it? Water wasn’tRead MoreThe Effects Of Water Pollution On Environment And The Environment1450 Words   |  6 PagesPollution is defined as the contamination of air, water, or soil by substances that are harmful to living orga nisms. Excessive levels of pollution are causing a lot of damage to plants, and human and animal health, This is a major problem in the environment today; pollution effects are certainly prominent in todays world. Without realizing it we as humans contribute to the waste and contamination to both our bodies and the environment around us. In addition there are also many other causes toRead MoreThe Effects Of Water Pollution On The Environment1322 Words   |  6 PagesImagine how bad these issues would be if they were in your neighborhood. The effects would be catastrophic but one major issue that most americans don t realize and have been spoiled to never being without is Clean Water. Water is a major concern all around the world but here in america we have rarely experienced any type of serious water shortages. Just because america has never had any problem such as lack of clean drinkable water doesn t mean it won t happen in the future. We are rapidly using allRead MoreThe Eff ects Of Water Pollution On The Environment Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pageskilled in the contaminated water. There is another man-made pollutant of water nowadays.  Waste water from factories or domestic places has flowed into waters, and as a result water pollution is getting more  serious. Water shortage is also on the rise,  but imagine a world where someone suffer from both  water shortage and water pollution. To prevent further pollution and to conserve the environment, it is crucial to  be aware of the  effects of water pollution. Water pollution incurs not only environmentalRead MoreWater Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment970 Words   |  4 PagesWater covers almost 75% of the earth’s surface and is undoubtedly our most precious natural resource that exists on our planet today. There won’t be any living organism on our planet without water. Water Pollution occurs when a body of water is severely affected due to addition of large amount of materials to the water.[Missouri Botanical Garden] Pollutions such as sewage and fertilizers contain nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates. At high levels, nutrients can over stimulate the growthRead MoreWater Pollution and Its Effects on the Environment5759 Words   |  24 PagesWater Pollution and Its Effects on the Environment Water is probably the most important resource we as people have. Humans can survive without food for several weeks, but without water we would die in less than a week. On a slightly less dramatic note, millions of liters of water are needed every day worldwide for washing, irrigating crops, and cooling industrial processes, not to mention leisure industries such as swimming pools and water-sports centers. Despite our dependence on water, we useRead MoreThe Effects Of Water Pollution On The Environment1269 Words   |  6 PagesWater pollution is often impaired by anthropogenic contaminants that are classified into either a point source of pollution or nonpoint source of pollution. The introduction of harmful toxins in an aquatic food chain can result in high levels of contamination in fish, which can be harmful to humans who eat them. State and national agencies monitoring our waters is essential to understanding the effects of water degradation. Every state in the United States has developed standards for fish consumptionRead MoreWater Pollution And Its Effect On The Environment1846 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Water can be said to be â€Å"polluted†, on the introduction of harmful materials in such a way that its natural qualities are so transformed as to contaminated its usefulness. Alternatively, render it offensive to the sense of smell, sight or taste. Water pollution has many definitions. However, the essential elements of most definitions are the concentration of a particular pollutant in water for a sufficient period to cause a certain effect. If it related health such as the ones causedRead MoreWater Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment1556 Words   |  7 Pages You see a sewer or pipe line dumping wastewater or sewage into a river, lake, or ocean. Ask yourself this question: would you drink from that water source? You see a sea otter or a seal swimming in water that has been contaminated by oil from an oil spill. Ask yourself another question: would you live in these waters? You see what you know as acid rain directly pounding onto a stream, lake or river. Ask yourself a final question would you eat the vegetation or the fish that directly come into contact

Interventions For Substance Abuse Amongst Young People Free Essays

string(52) " of life that people lead, especially young people\." INTRODUCTION Despite the fact that young people are most often the healthiest group of people in the population (Emmelkamp, and Vedel, 2006), there is concern about the extent to which this group engages in risk-taking behaviours, including the consumption of drugs and alcohol and the abuse of these substances. Such activities expose them to problems ranging from the individual health level to the costs incurred during rehabilitation (Berglund, Thelander Jonsson, 2003). Rehabilitation needs often include mental health and psychiatric solutions due to the mental health and social problems caused by drinking and the consumption of illegal drugs. We will write a custom essay sample on Interventions For Substance Abuse Amongst Young People or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the UK, the use of psychoactive substances has become a major activity among the youth population. For example, it has been shown that 50% of young people in the age bracket 16-24 years have used an illicit drug on at least one occasion in their lives. This project also exposed that the most commonly used drug is cannabis which is used by 40% of youths aged 16-19 years and a shocking 47% of 20-24 year olds. Amphetamine then follows which is used by 18-14% of the above age groups. Between 2011 and 2012, 20,688 young people accessed substance misuse services, with the majority of this number accessing services for abuse of cannabis (64%) or alcohol (29%) (National Drug Treatment Monitoring System, 2012). Over half of the users were aged 16 to 18 (53%), whilst the rest were aged under 16 (National Drug Treatment Monitoring System, 2012). About two thirds (64%) of the young people who accessed specialist substance misuse services in 2010-11 were male. Overall, females accessing subst ance misuse services for young people are younger with 19% of males aged under 15 years compared to 27% of females. Almost half of the young people entering specialist substance misuse services are recorded as being in mainstream education, such as schools and further education colleges, followed by a further 19% in alternative education, such as schooling delivered in a pupil referral unit or home setting. A further 19% are recorded as not in education or employment. However, it should be noted that education and employment status was reported for only new young people entering specialist services during the year. Therefore, the total will be lower than that of all young people (National Drug Treatment Monitoring System, 2012). Referrals to drug and alcohol treatment services commonly come from youth offending teams, although around 14% of referrals come from mainstream education institutions and 7% are made up of self-referrals. Perhaps surprisingly referrals from the Child and Adolescent Mental Health service (CAHMS) make up only 3% of referrals (National Drug Treatment Monitoring System, 2012). These figures paint a perhaps surprising picture. For example, more young people are referred to specialist drug and alcohol services from mainstream education than specialist educational centres, suggesting that substance abuse could be far rifer amongst young people as might be expected. It could be argued that failure of school authorities to take a more effective preventative approach to drug and alcohol abuse may be contributing to the overall problem. These figures also suggest that immediate attention and intervention must be offered to young people to reduce negative outcomes associated with such high drug use. The statistics reveal that there is a high rate of drug and substance abuse among young people in the UK. The high of level concern about the use of illicit drugs and substances has an effect on health, educational and political discussions in the UK. The government’s national strategy for ten years on drug misuse views young people as a critical priority group in need of quick prevention and treatment intervention (Keegan and Moss, 2008) and recognises the need to improve our understanding of the role played by illicit drugs and substances in the lives of such young people. Educators, health practitioners and policy makers should have comprehensive understanding when it comes to discussions involving the abuse of illicit drugs. For example, the Government must take into account factors such as a lack of understanding amongst young people as to the laws that govern different classes of illegal drugs. Abuse of alcohol and other drugs leads to the destruction of cognitive and emotional development in young people and exposes them to an increased possibility of accidental injury or even death. Finally, there is also a risk of users becoming drug dependent. Abuse of drugs and alcohol by young people can also lead to such negative consequences as coronary heart diseases, lung cancer, AIDS, violent crime, child abuse and unemployment (Gurnack, Atkinson Osgood, 2002). As a result, individuals indulging in the use of alcohol and other drugs incur tremendous costs in their individual lives, their family lives and even their future careers. Society is also not exempt as it pays a price in different ways. For instance, society incurs extra costs in health care, drug and alcohol treatment, law enforcement and supporting the seriously affected families who have been rendered helpless by the situation. There are many reasons why young people become involved in substance abuse. From a sociology perspective it has been argued that the recreational abuse of drugs has become ‘normalised’ (Parker, Measham and Aldridge, 1995) among certain groups of young people. However, Shiner and Newburn (1997) have argued that this theory is reductionist and simplifies the reasons behind a young person’s choice to abuse drugs. In reality, the reasons as to why a young person may begin to abuse drugs can range from having poor adult role models who may also use drugs and alcohol as a way of coping or even a genetic predisposition toward poor self-regulatory behaviours (Spooner and Hall, 2002). Evidence shows that adolescent alcohol and drug abuse is not influenced by a single factor but a large number of factors which are not necessarily confined to any single part of the an adolescent’s world (Connors, Donovan DiClemente, 2001). Environment The environment in which a person lives is very instrumental when it comes to the kind of life that people lead, especially young people. You read "Interventions For Substance Abuse Amongst Young People" in category "Essay examples" If the environment is for example characterized by pronounced unemployment then young people in such an environment will indulge in activities that make them forget even for a moment the realities of the unemployment situation. If, for example, in their immediate environment young people face the situation of a large supply of drugs and everyone around them is abusing drugs or alcohol, then it is easy for such young people to adopt this kind of lifestyle and become drink or drug abusers. The above explanation shows that the kind of environment a young person stays in has a very direct influence on the habits that are finally adopted by this group of young people. Curiosity Young people naturally have the tendency to try new things and to find out how it feels doing something new. Young people in the United Kingdom are not an exception and most of them usually try drinking and drugs just to explore and find out what the experience is like. This however results in the young people becoming victims of the consequences that follow (Woo and Keatinge, 2008). The Defence Mechanism A good number of young people use drugs specifically to assist them in easing trauma that may result from unsatisfactory relationships and also physical or emotional abuse that may arise from families or homes that lack happiness. Promotion and Availability There is always a great amount of pressure from advertisement of alcohol over the media. The colourful nature of these promotions is often very enticing and mostly misleading. In the promotions or commercials, alcohol is glamorised hence the young people are influenced to indulge and as a result end up facing the dire consequences. This review will analyse the different interventions utilised when working with young people who abuse drugs and alcohol. These include those carried out by mental health workers, religion-orientated interventions, community based interventions and more psychiatric, medication based interventions. Motivational based interventions are also discussed. Aims and Objectives The aim of this project will be to review and critically evaluate the literature regarding different interventions for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol in the UK. To achieve this aim the project has set the following objectives: To critically examine the interventions for young people (aged 16 to 21) who use drugs and alcohol in UK, with the aim of providing recommendations to improve the care given to the youths who are addicted or at risk of substance abuse. To use secondary data to identify the importance of different interventions in dealing with young people (age 16 to 21) who use drugs and alcohol in the UK. Rationale Interventions for young people aged 16 to 21 who use drugs and alcohol has elicited varied opinions from professionals involved in their care. This has been a result of the often complex and varied needs of young people with substance abuse issues, such as mental health issues (Weaver et al., 2003), social exclusion (Fakhoury and Priebe, 2006) and involvement with the criminal justice system (Hamdi and Knight, 2012; Lundholm et al., 2013). Therefore, there is often disagreement on where the intervention should focus primarily. Various strategies have been advanced to address the involvement of young adults in drugs and substance abuse. For example, medication by mental health nurses in cases of addiction (Bennett and Holloway, 2005). However, due to the variety of interventions available for treating young people with substance abuse disorder, it is important to continuously review the literature in this area and pin point the most effective interventions for treating this group of individuals. [Client must write some words here on why they have chosen this topic (this is essential according to the assignment brief).] SEARCH STRATEGY In preparation for this critical literature review, a number of sources including journals, articles and health text books were used. The search was conducted using computerised databases which enabled access to literature on interventions for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol. Examples of such databases are given below: The Department of Health NHS Evidence (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2012). PsycINFO (American Psychological Association, 2013). PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2013). Google Scholar (Google, 2013). net (EMAP Publishing, 2013). Nursing and Midwifery Council publications (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2010). Royal College of Psychiatrists useful resources (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2013). Royal College of Nursing library services (Royal College of Nursing, 2013). These databases contained numerous useful sources such as journal articles, recommendations, guidelines and reviews that were used to gather evidence relevant to interventions for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol. Search terms used included; ‘drugs and substance abuse’, ‘alcohol abuse’, ‘effects of alcohol abuse’, and ‘intervention measures for drugs and substance abuse[1]’. It was not uncommon for a search to produce many results. Therefore, for any search that produced more than 50 results, the first 50 results were observed to pick out the most relevant and interesting studies. The remaining results were not looked at because of time constraints[2]. In addition to searching for relevant sources through online databases, reference lists within articles were also utilised to search for other relevant sources. Inclusion Criteria For an effective review of the subject area, there was a need to select relevant articles to achieve the set objectives. Therefore, only sources relevant to intervention for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol, papers published in the English language and papers published after the year 1999 were selected. Although sources pertaining to studies carried out in the USA were still considered relevant, a priority was given to sources from the UK. If a source had used an adult sample but was still considered relevant and useful then it was considered for inclusion. Exclusion Criteria General papers on drugs and substance abuse not specific to youths, papers published in languages other than English and published before the year 1999 were not included. An example search strategy when using one of these sources, the British Nursing Index, is given below. Search Strategy Example: British Nursing Index (BNI). Through citing the term ‘intervention for young people who abuse drugs and alcohol’, 5,000 articles were gathered without limiters. Limiters such as ‘role of mental health nurses’ and ‘only book and journals concerned with drugs and substance abuse’ were applied to the second search, which reduced the output to 2,034 books and journals. In the third search, additional limiters such as year of publication (2000-2012) were applied, which then reduced the number of books and journals to 734. After all further limiters were applied, such as articles that only used an age group of 16 to 21 years as participants, 70 journals and books were chosen for further analysis. Only 23 articles were considered relevant for this review and analysis due to their in depth exploration of the subject and their meeting of inclusion and exclusion criteria. LITERATURE REVIEW Interventions for substance abuse serve a number of purposes including reducing use of illicit or non-prescribed drugs and curbing problems related to drug misuse, including health, social, psychological and legal problems and last but not least tackling the dangers associated with drug misuse, including the risks of HIV, hepatitis B and C and other blood-borne infections and the risks of drug-related death. Prevention and intervention are usually categorised into primary (direct prevention), secondary (early identification of the problem and subsequent treatment) and tertiary levels (late identification and treatment). Furthermore, interventions are now often categorised into population wide interventions, selective interventions aimed at only high risk groups and early interventions for at-risk groups (Cuijpers, 2003). The nature of interventions has also evolved over the years. Twenty to thirty years ago the emphasis was on providing young people with information and buffering moral values whereas in the more modern era, a social dimension has been added and young people are taught resistance skills to avoid peer pressure (Gilvarry, 2000). Alcohol related deaths are rife in the UK, with 8,748 alcohol related deaths in the UK in 2011 (Office for National Statistics, 2013). However, there were 1,883 noted drug related deaths in 2010, a decrease of 299 from 2009 (Ghodse et al. 2012). These statistics reflect the importance of interventions for drug abusers, which could be protecting some individuals from the most extreme consequence of substance abuse. Mental Health Interventions Research has evidenced that Major Depressive Disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) is often co-morbid in young people who abuse drugs and alcohol (Sutcliffe et al., 2009; Marshall and Werb, 2010; Marmorstein, Iacono and Malone, 2010). Due to the potentially devastating effects of depression at both the individual (Galaif et al., 2011; Petrie and Brook, 2011) and societal level (Sobocki et al., 2006), substance abuse is viewed as something that must be dealt with swiftly and effectively. This co-morbidity of mental illness and substance abuse means that mental health nurses are often involved in interventions with young people. Mental illness is a psychological anomaly that is generally associated with distress or disability that is usually not considered to be a component of an individual’s normal development (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008). Despite the fact that standard guideline criteria are used all over the world to define mental illness, diagnosis and i ntervention is often incredibly complex, especially when substance abuse is also a factor. Community services are offered to people with such problems through assessment by different psychiatrists and clinical psychologists, or sometimes social workers. All these professionals use methods of observation and inquiries through asking questions to help establish any given patient’s condition. Mental health nurses are often at the front line in providing care and support in both hospitals and the community. In the United Kingdom, mental health nurses play a great role in taking care of young people with mental disorders and mental illnesses that may have developed as a result of substance abuse (Department of Health, 2012). They offer counselling services in order to help people focus on their goals or outcomes; help people develop strategies that support self-care and enable individuals and their families to take responsibility for and participate in decisions about their health. They provide a range of services including education, research and knowledge sharing and e vidence informed practices. They also perform the role of addiction counsellors in order to provide intake co-ordination, assessment, treatment and follow-up care for youths with addictions, mental illness and mental health problems using common assessment tools. They can provide health promotion, prevention and early detection of problematic substance use; use core competencies and knowledge in addictions and a full range of withdrawal management services including detoxification services using best practice treatment protocols, outreach, prescribing, counselling, and harm reduction However, mental health nurses are often faced with challenges that hinder them from successfully achieving their goals. Challenges include non co-operation of the patients’ families and also the complex nature of patient problems (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008). In a comprehensive review, RachBeisel, Scott and Dixon (1999) found that there was a much higher prevalence of substance abuse amongst individuals with mental illness and that the course of mental illness was significantly negatively influenced by the abuse of illegal substances. These findings highlight a key issue in mental health interventions for young people who abuse substances, namely that it is important to determine the relationship between the substance abuse and mental illness before allocating a suitable intervention. For example, if a young person has developed a mental illness as a result of abusing substances, a mental health focused intervention may not be appropriate as it would not be treating the root of the problem or the reason why the young person started to use illegal substances in the first place. Psychiatric and Medical Interventions Psychiatric and medical based interventions refer to the treatment of substance abuse in a young person by a psychiatrist who is medically trained and able to provide an additional dimension of treatment than a psychologist or mental health worker is able to. An example of this is the prescription of methadone, a synthetic opiate that is used to help young people withdraw safely from heroin use. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2007) recommend a psycho-social approach when treating individuals with substance abuse disorder and advocate the use of medication. However, use of medication with young people who are suffering from substance abuse disorders should be used with care due to the risk of dangerous side effects (Webster, 2005). Motivational Interventions Motivational interventions are brief interventions used by professionals to enhance a young person’s motivation to change and stop abusing substances (Tevyaw and Monti, 2004). In a review of the effectiveness of motivational interviewing (Smedslund et al., 2011) it was found that although motivational interviewing techniques were more effective at reducing the extent of future substance abuse when compared to no intervention, the technique was no more effective when compared to other types of intervention. For example, motivational interviewing was no better at reducing extent of substance abuse that simply assessing a patient and providing feedback. The authors reviewed 59 studies that had been accessed from a range of online databases. This is a reasonable number of studies as the body of literature on motivational interviewing as an intervention for substance abuse is quite limited. However, the authors failed to collect evidence on other measures of efficacy such as a redu ction in future criminal prosecution for drug offences or improvement in overall quality of life. The efficacy of motivational interviewing has been studied in young people in particular by McCambridge and Strang (2003). 200 young people from inner city London were randomly allocated to either a motivational interviewing condition or a non-intervention education control condition. All participants were aged between 16 and 20 and were using illegal drugs at the time of the study. The motivational interviewing intervention consisted of a brief, one hour face-to-face interview and self-reported changes in the use of cigarettes, cannabis, alcohol and other drugs was used as the outcome measure both immediately after the interview and at a three month follow up point. It was found that in comparison to the control group, young people who received motivational interviewing as a brief intervention reduced their use of cigarettes, alcohol and cannabis. Although these results initially seem in favour of motivational interviewing as an intervention for young people who have substance abuse issues, it should be noted that self-report measures are very open to bias and it is possible that the reported reduced use of drugs and alcohol was much higher than the actual reduction in use. This was reflected in a follow up study by the same authors 12 months later (McCambridge and Strang, 2005) where it was found that the difference in reduction in substance use between the experimental and control groups found after three months had completely disappeared. This result suggests that although motivational interviewing may be an effective short term intervention for treating young people with substance abuse issues, it has no enduring effectiveness over a long period of time. This may be due to a lack of follow-up support for young people and the brief nature of the intervention. Community-Based Interventions Community drug and alcohol services offer interventions such as comprehensive assessment and recovery care planning, support and care co-ordination, advice and information, stabilisation, counselling and relapse prevention and motivational interviewing (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008). Hepatitis B vaccinations, Hepatitis C testing and referral to treatment for these diseases, are also essential due to the risk of infections through needle sharing. Like most interventions, these community services are aimed at promoting recovery from addiction and enabling the achievement of individual goals, helping individuals to remain healthy, until, with appropriate support, they can achieve a drug-free life. This may involve stabilising service users on prescribed substitute medication to improve withdrawal symptoms and to reduce cravings. In their review of community-based interventions, Jones et al. (2006) found a limit on the effectiveness of such interventions, especially when it came to long term and enduring effect for reducing substance abuse. The results suggested that a change in community-based interventions was needed. Morgenstern et al. (2001) found a very high level of satisfaction among community based substance abuse counsellors who had received training in delivering cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) to clients. This suggests that perhaps one way of increasing the effectiveness of community-based interventions would be to equip community-based workers with a wider range of skills with which they can help young people suffering from substance abuse. Supporting this recommendation was a study by Waldron and Kaminer (2004) who found that use of CBT was associated with clinically significant reductions in substance abuse amongst adolescents. Religious Interventions Some interventions are religious in nature. For instance, the United Methodist Church follows a holistic approach which stresses prevention, involvement, treatment, community organization, and advocacy of abstinence. The church could be argued to have a progressive role by offering a spiritual perception on the issue of substance abuse. Another popular religious based approach to tacking alcohol abuse in particular is the 12-step program offered by Alcoholics Anonymous. Individuals are commonly encouraged or possibly even required cut any acquaintances with friends who still use alcohol. The 12-step programme motivates addicts to stop consuming alcohol or other drugs and also it helps to scrutinize and modify the habits related to their cause of addiction. Numerous programs accentuate that recovery is a long-lasting process with no culmination. For drugs which are legal such as alcohol, complete abstinence is recommended rather than attempts at moderation which may cause relapses. Fi orentine and Hillhouse (2000) found that participants in a 12-step program stayed in future treatment for a much longer period of time and were much more likely to be able to complete a 24-week intervention programme. It was also found that a combination of a 12-step program and an alternative substance abuse intervention was more effective than either treatment alone. This suggests that providing young people with interventions in isolation may not be the most effective way of helping them overcome their substance abuse. However, literature on religious based interventions tends to focus on adults and although still applicable to the treatment of young people in many ways, young people may be put off by the religious nature of these 12-step programmes and may be intimidated by the group nature of the treatment. In support of this criticism, Engle and MacGowan (2009) found that only two out of 13 adolescent group treatments of substance abuse could be categorised as showing potentia l efficacy in treating young people with these problems. Family-Oriented Interventions It has been argued that the family has a central role in both increasing and reducing the risk of problem behaviours in young people such as substance abuse (Vimpani and Spooner, 2003). A review by Velleman, Templeton and Copello (2005) echoed this view that the family can have both a positive or negative impact on a young person’s risk of substance abuse. Kumpfer, Alvarado and Whiteside (2003) have identified that support for families based within the home, family education and skills training, improving parental behaviour and time-limited family therapy are all highly effective forms of family-based interventions for young people with substance abuse issues. However, as research has shown that the family can also play a role in increasing risk of substance abuse, professionals must be confident that family therapy is suitable and not run the risk of worsening a young person’s relationship with their family and in turn worsening their substance abuse. School-Based Interventions Education about the use of drugs and alcohol within schools has been advocated as a preventative intervention for young people at risk of substance abuse disorder. Fletcher, Bonell and Hargreaves (2008) found that interventions focused around encouraging a positive school environment and improving young peoples’ relationships was associated with a reduction in risky substance abuse. However, part of this conclusion was based on the review of observational studies, which are open to bias and subjectivity. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS This essay has reviewed a number of sources regarding the efficacy and suitability of certain interventions for young people with substance abuse issues. A key limitation of much of the literature is the tendency to put emphasis on drugs as a generic material with very little distinction is made between different types of illicit substances. With the very varied effects of different drugs on the user, it could be argued that the specific reasons for a young person’s drug usage will have an impact on the effects that a drug has. For example, stimulant drugs will most likely be used for nervous system arousal, while other drugs such as alcohol and cannabis are sedatives and cause nervous system depression. These kinds of drugs can be termed as instrumental drugs since the reasons behind their usage correspond to the effect of the different kind of drug that is used (Brick, 2008). Therefore, it might be useful for professionals to base their interventions on the types of substanc e abused. From the above literature review it is evident that there is need for mental healthcare especially to help young people who are adversely affected by the use of drugs and other substance abuse. Some youths suffer from psychiatric disorders as a result of indulgence in drugs and substance abuse. Others experience mental problems that need serious rehabilitation measures taken in order to counter such problems hence emphasis should be laid on the care that is to be given to the young people affected by any of the above problems caused by the abuse of drugs and other substances. Therefore, mental health interventions remain an important intervention for young people. A number of recommended adjustments in healthcare to cater for young people struggling with abuse have been identified. For example, there should be an increased application of various musical strategies in helping patients suffering from various mental health conditions as a result of substance abuse (Connors, Donovan DiClemente, 2001), as this kind of intervention appears to be lacking in use with young people. Another main limitation in research that aims to measure the effectiveness of intervention measures is the lack of control that researchers have. It would be considered unethical if young people with drug abuse problems were randomly allocated to intervention procedures, especially if one was chosen as a control condition and was not believed to be effective in treating substance abuse issues. This means that it can be difficult to compare intervention methods. Another limitation lies in the types of measure researchers’ use to measure effectiveness of intervention methods. For example, a self-report measure may be used to assess whether young people have either stopped or at least reduced their intake of illicit substances. This type of questionnaire may also be used to see if the young people are seeing a positive result from receiving an intervention. However, self-report measures are open to social desirability bias meaning that many young people may fabricate their answer s in order to either please the professionals who are involved with helping them or to conceal ongoing substance abuse. The review has also emphasized the causes or triggers of alcohol and drug abuse among young people in the United Kingdom showing that the environment a young person stays in is one of the greatest factors that lead to indulgence in alcohol, drug and substance abuse. Other factors like enjoyment, peer pressure, promotions in the media and rebellion are also causes of alcohol, drug and substance abuse among the youth in the United Kingdom (Gurnack, Atkinson and Osgood, 2002). More focus on these root causes could help improve prevention and reduce the need for later intervention, which has a poor track record of success. Finally, there is need according to the literature review to improve media perception of mental health patients in order to help alleviate the conditions of psychiatric disorders that are caused by the indulgence of young people in alcohol, drug and substance abuse (Berglund and Thelander, 2003). This doesn’t indicate failure in the mental nursing services but it just implies that mental health workers and psychiatrists need reinforcement in order to positively contribute to successful intervention (Califano, 2007). This suggestion is based on the need for a more holistic approach when it comes to treating young people with substance abuse issues, where the effect on all areas of their life including their mental health must be taken into account during intervention. Strengths of this Critical Literature Review Secondary data was reviewed in this project, which provided larger scope on choices of information for the project. In addition this review was able to identify key areas for improvement of health condition interventions for youths affected by substance abuse. Limitations of this Critical Literature Review This literature review was small in scale, since word and time limits were set. Although 23 articles were selected for review, this number could have been improved. 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APPENDICES Appendix A Search Term: â€Å"Drugs and substance abuse.† SourceNumber of Relevant Hits Department of Health0 NHS Evidence5597 PsychINFO22 PubMed2337 Google Scholar1,070,000 Nursing.net4435 Nursing and Midwifery Council59 Royal College of Psychiatrists477 Royal College of Nursing library services1,753 Search Term: â€Å"Alcohol Abuse.† SourceNumber of Relevant Hits Department of Health0 NHS Evidence6893 PsychINFO92 PubMed87,995 Google Scholar1,480,000 Nursing.net1760 Nursing and Midwifery Council138 Royal College of Psychiatrists629 Royal College of Nursing library services1,654 Search Term: â€Å"Effects of alcohol abuse.† SourceNumber of Relevant Hits Department of Health0 NHS Evidence5476 PsychINFO31 PubMed21,363 Google Scholar1,430,000 Nursing.net8502 Nursing and Midwifery Council40 Royal College of Psychiatrists531 Royal College of Nursing library services2,590 Search term: â€Å"Intervention measures for drugs and substance abuse.† SourceNumber of Relevant Hits Department of Health0 NHS Evidence3169 PsychINFO3 PubMed215 Google Scholar174,000 Nursing.net7672 Nursing and Midwifery Council23 Royal College of Psychiatrists302 Royal College of Nursing library services3,250 Appendix B TitleFirst AuthorPublication Year 1Drug treatment and twelve-step program participation: the additive effects of integrated recovery activities.Fiorentine2000 2A critical review of adolescent substance abuse group treatments.Engle2009 3Co-occuring severe mental illness and substance use disorders: A review of recent research.RachBeisel1999 4Statistics for young people in specialist drug and alcohol services in England 2011-12National Drug Treatment Monitoring System2012 5Substance abuse in young people.Gilvarry2000 6The efficacy of single-session motivational interviewing in reducing drug consumption and perceptions of drug-related risk and harm among young people: results from a multi-site cluster randomised trial.McCambridge2004 7The role of the family in preventing and interviewing with substance use and misuse: a comprehensive review of family intervention, with a focus on young people.Velleman2005 8School effects on young people’s drug use: a systematic review of intervention and observational studies.Fletcher2008 9A review of community-based interventions to reduce substance misuse among vulnerable and disadvantaged young people.Jones2006 10Motivational enhancement and other brief interventions for adolescent substance abuse: foundations, applications and evaluations.Tevyaw2004 11Motivational interviewing for substance abuse.Smedslund2011 12On the learning curve: the emerging evidence supporting cognitive-behavioural therapies for adolescent substance abuse.Waldron2004 13Testing the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral treatment for substance abuse in a community setting: within treatment and posttreatment findings.Morgenstern2001 14Family-based interventions for substance use and misuse prevention.Kumpfer2003 15Deterioration over time in effect of Motivational Interviewing in reducing drug consumption and related risk among young people.McCambridge2005 16Drug misuse: psychosocial interventions: full guideline.National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence2007 17Substance abuse treatment and the stages of change: Selecting and planning interventions.Connors2001 How to cite Interventions For Substance Abuse Amongst Young People, Essay examples