Why Prostitution Is Wrong - 1156 Words

In â€Å"Markets in Women s Sexual Labor† Debra Satz lays out an argument for an â€Å"egalitarian approach† to deciding why prostitution is wrong and whether or not that means it should be illegal (Satz, 1995). Satz accepts that prostitution is wrong from the start but she seeks a good explanation for why. She decides that prostitution is wrong because the practice of women selling their sexual services to men perpetuates gender inequality. If we accept that prostitution is wrong then we should look for a good argument to explain why that is so. Many people feel that it is wrong in that there are some things humans can do that should not be put on the open market. This is the asymmetry thesis, which says that selling sex and reproductive services on the market is more wrong than selling other services. In order to make this thesis credible, however, it needs to say why sex and reproduction are singled out as unacceptable. What is it that is common to all prostitution (which varies considerably) that makes it wrong? Satz presents three arguments that could answer this question. First, the economic approach. This argument says that prostitution is wrong if its social costs outweigh its social benefits. It agrees with the asymmetry thesis if it is a given that the costs of prostitution are higher than the costs of other services on the market. These costs as she lists them are spread of diseases, guilt, financial waste, and damage to â€Å"moralisms.† Satz objects to this approachShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Truth about Prostitution876 Words   |  4 PagesThe Truth about Prostitution Prostitution is a major problem in the United States today. The way we treat these victims as criminals is simply unacceptable. Found in â€Å"Business Insider† a study of San Francisco prostitutes showed that as many as 68% of them have been raped and an astounding 82% had been assaulted. Also found on Business insider is a study conducted on the prostitutes in Colorado Springs which showed that prostitutes are 18X more likely to end up murder victims than those who do notRead MoreProstitution Is The Practice Of Performing Sexual Activity1625 Words   |  7 Pages Prostitution is the practice of performing sexual activity to get paid. This practice has existed for centuries and yet the question remains – is prostitution moral? It is because prostitution involves selling something very personal to earn money. Many people think that prostitution encourages slavery for women and selling body in return for money is very wrong while others think that prostitution is just like any other service so there is nothing immoral about it. In this paper, I will argue thatRead MoreFreedom of Women to Be Prostitutes Essay1440 Words   |  6 PagesFor centuries, women have been selling their bodies, in most cases prostitution, but it is not world’s oldest profession. Nevertheless, for as long as history states, prostitution has been around for as long as the oldest professions in the world. Every aspect of history asserts even the slightest things about prostitution existing. Prostitution has been a long-term profession through out several decad es, whether it varies from being an adult star, escort, prostitute, a stripper etc†¦ As long as theyRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal1695 Words   |  7 Pagesthat prostitution will exist no matter what because men will always degrade women, and women, in turn, can do the same to men, even though these moral aspects are not connected with the legalization process, mostly depending on moral qualities of the society members, and not on a position on prostitution. Thus, the essay will try to prove why prostitution should not be legal with the help of analysis of the articles of the well-known scientists. While feminist theory represents prostitution as aRead MoreWhy Some Things Should Not Be For Sale855 Words   |  4 PagesProstitution is sometimes referred to as â€Å"the world’s oldest profession,† with the first record of its practice dates back to Ancient Near East civilizations. Despite its age-old existence, not until relatively recently that researches and studies have been conducted in an attempt to obtain a better understanding of and more liberal perspective on a taboo widely perceived as too degrading and immoral to even talk about. When writing about commercial sex in her book â€Å"Why Some Things Should Not BeRead MoreNegative Effects Of Prostitution1376 Words   |  6 Pagesand think and understand the reason being why have they chosen this life and how it affects them. I wanted to do a research to see what I can find on if prostitution was to be legal will it affect them socioeconomically, but in a positive way rather than negative. Even though prostitution seems to be a big deal in the 21st century, little do society knows prostitution has been here for many centuries. A little history about prostitution is that it’s been around so far as 2400 BCRead MoreWhat is Prostitution?1838 Words   |  7 Pages According to the 2014 Merriam-Webster dictionary, prostitution is defined as â€Å"the act of having sex in exchange for money† (â€Å"Prostitution†). In the United States, the trafficking of sex sales has been illegal since the early 1900’s, with the exception of the 49th state, Alaska (Head). The trade was deemed unethical by the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, also credited with the ban of drug use and the elimination of alcohol in the 1920’s. Today, in all but two states, the buying and selling ofRead MoreProstitution Is Not Morally Permissible1433 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution is the act of engaging in sexual activity for financial gain. It is described as o ne of the oldest profession and one of the most controversial issues in the modern society. In the ancient world, prostitution was allowed as part of religious traditions in some cultures such as Greek where prostitutes were dedicated to gods. Today prostitution has become more open, and some countries such as Bulgaria and Netherlands have legalized the practice. In the recent past, ethics of prostitutionRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Abolished?1174 Words   |  5 PagesProstitution. Streetwalking. The sex trade. The sex industry. Whoring. Hooking. Et Cetera. The exchange of sexual activities for money. Prostitution is probably one of, if not the oldest taboos in our culture, and for good reason. Often times, prostitution is monitored in places called brothels, meeting places for finding prostitutes and sex in general. This scandalous practice is currently legal in many parts of the world, i.e. Germany, most of South America, Spain, Australia, Canada, France, ItalyRead MoreProsti tution Between Canada And Canada1712 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution in Canada: Changes in Legislation Due to the fairly recent changes regarding the legality of prostitution in Canada, individuals who use and provide these services have been cautious (Warnica, 2015). Unfortunately, new laws may create more problems than benefits, such as, financial problems due to fewer people buying sex because it is illegal to do so. In this paper, I will explicate and assess the new changes to the law regarding prostitution in Canada, arguing that prostitution should

Women’s rights in the late 1800’s - 1100 Words

Women’s rights in the late 1800’s A Doll House gives us a true insight into the roles for men and women during the late 1800’s. This is why the play has been said to be able to take place in any and all suburbs. At this point in history, the roles of gender were mainly consistent across the world. Men vs. women in economics, social status, gender rights, marriage and divorce, and occupation can best describe this. During the late 1800’s women had no economic rights once they were married. Honestly they had little before they were married as well. All of their property before marriage automatically became their husbands when they got married. All of their money, furniture, anything they had previously becomes their husbands the moment†¦show more content†¦The only time a woman has to make any of these decisions is either there husband let them or their husband died. Widowed women had rights to do some things a man could do because typically they because they had to provide as a man would for her family. Even then they are not treated the same as a man. It was a man economic world. Women’s social role during the late 1800’s was to take care of the children and the house. Women were like dolls and did not have any real thoughts of their own according to society. The women were supposed to be submissive to their dominate husbands. If the man’s status were a higher class then the women would have help in the form of house cleaner and servants. All she then had to do was be carefree. Women and men did not sit down and have conversations to work out any issues. Women were to idolize their husbands and be happy all the time. Women were possessions to men. Men were in search for a trophy wife someone they could take to parties and show off. This is shown by Torvald saying â€Å"Is that my little squirrel bustling around?† He refers to her as a squirrel she should not have a worry in the world he basically placates her. You can also tell this by the way Nora and Torvald discuss her not being able to eat macaroons. He is controlli ng and Nora is a piece of property. Torvald said â€Å"I wouldn’t be a man if this womanlyShow MoreRelatedThroughout History Women Have Had Different Roles, Most1750 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen conquered or dismissed and would never been studied in a patriarchal society. Although the late 1800’s was an exciting and revolutionary time for the United States, women were still subjugated to archaic mindsets. A few women of the late 1800’s started to break the mold and give further generations of women hope for equal rights and the start of a new idea â€Å"feminism† (Logan). Women of the late 1800’s were treated no more than property, breeding vessels, and toilers much unlike the more progressiveRead MoreThe Female Sex Hormone Estrogen1750 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen conquered or dismissed and would never be studied in a patriarchal society. Although the late 1800’s was an exciting and revolutionary time in the United States, women were still su bjugated to archaic mindsets. A few women of the late 1800’s started to break the mold and give further generations of women hope for equal rights and the start of a new idea â€Å"feminism† (Logan). Women of the late 1800’s were treated no more than property, breeding vessels, and toilers much unlike the more progressiveRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1263 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout hundreds of years, women have experienced inequalities by society and by the law. Mostly, women were treated differently from men. The women in America during the late 1800’s were treated unequally to men because they couldn’t vote, they had no job opportunities, and they were controlled in marriage. In the beginning, only men had the privilege to vote on any law that they desired which is a reason why women were treated unequally to men. Unlike women who didn’tRead MoreJane Austen’s Novel Pride and Prejudice Essay874 Words   |  4 Pagescoincidence that Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, coincides directly with the historical events of this time period. The most visible impact that is historically highlighted in Pride and Prejudice is the changing social landscape of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth-century England. The landed gentry, those who owned land, were the most influential division of society in Austen’s time. In cases of small land classes, the English encouraged the consolidation and extension of estatesRead MoreThe Roaring 20 s Era Of Growth And Reform1309 Words   |  6 PagesThe era of the 1920s, also known as the Roaring 20’s, was a revolutionary time in which radical changes struck the American nation, drastically increasing advances in society and economy. New and different forms of dance, music, clothing, behavior, and lifestyle were developed nationwide. The Antebellum Period in the late 1700s increased rebellion, similar to the Roaring 20’s era of growth and reform. As this time period brought profound changes, conflict, cultural excitement, and experimentationRead MoreWomen During The Late 1800s1003 Words   |  5 PagesWomen in the Late 1800s In the early 1800s, women were second-class citizens. Women were expected to restrict their area of interest to the home and the family. Women were not encouraged to have a real education or pursue a professional career. Also, women were considered unequal to their husbands and all males legally and socially. The day-to day lives of men and women were quite clearly divided during the late 1800s. Woman in the late 1800s were treated inhumane because of society, class, and theirRead MoreWomens Suffrage in the 1800’s-19th Century Essay1190 Words   |  5 Pagesan education, their voting rights, ownership of property, and being employed. As mentioned above, women’s role were unjust to the roles and freedoms of the men, so an advanced education for women was a strongly debated subject at the beginning of the nineteenth century (McElligott 1). The thought of a higher chance of education for women was looked down upon, in the early decades of the nineteenth century (The American Pageant 327). It was established that a women’s role took part inside the householdRead MoreWomen s Rights For Women1465 Words   |  6 Pages Women’s rights in America in late 1800’s women’s right to vote women in medicine and the equal rights for women are the 3 main points that were big in the 1800’s. Women’s rights to vote women couldn’t vote back in the late 1800’s. Women had to stay home and take care of the children, cook and clean the house and when their husbands get home take care of them too. Although women had to do all those things they were not paid equal for the things they did. Women were told it is not job to vote thatRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Education1174 Words   |  5 PagesWomen’s rights in education have improved greatly since the early 1800s — when girls only learned skills that society believed would make them good wives and would be ostracized for wanting more in their education. Today, more women than men attend and complete their collage degrees. In the early 1800s education was mainly for middle and upper class citizens in America, and was for boys. Even thought both classes were educated it was in very different ways. In the North if you were a part of anRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Gender Equality And Women1005 Words   |  5 PagesHistorically women have not been provided equal opportunities in competitive and collegiate sports. In the late 1800’s, social perception was that females were weak and although they were admired by men, they were treated like objects (Lumpkin, 2013). Competitive and collegiate sports were dominated by males, with little opportunity for women to participate. Females eagerly wanted to participate, however sports were perceived inappropriate which would put their femininity in question and put

Current Gun Control Laws Free Essays

Dear Mr.. Mayor, I write this memorandum with renewed consciousness and self-reflection. We will write a custom essay sample on Current Gun Control Laws or any similar topic only for you Order Now I write this in regards to the current gun control policies and regulations. In today’s society there are far too many mass shootings that innocently take people’s lives. These mass shootings are occurring in schools, movie theaters, shopping malls, compounds, public events, and at work. Numerous shootings have occurred in the past few years and the numbers continue to evolve. It is our responsibility as citizens to stand up and take charge of the matter. We can start this endeavor by enacting gun control. No one has the freedom to take another’s life from them and once a person has died not anyone can bring them back. In this memorandum I will be mainly focusing on school shootings. Catastrophes will always occur, however, we as citizens can make a meaningful difference In preventing these shootings from occurring by Implementing stricter gun control regulations. Perhaps by enforcing antigen policies will prevent a hill, a teenager, a young adult, an adult, or senior citizen from making one of the biggest mistake of their life. Guns have no place in schools and schools are supposed to be designed not only for education but as a safe environment for children (Information for Gun Control, 2014). Yes, the Second Amendment gives citizens of the United States the right to bear arms (genuine. Com, 2013). However, at the time that the Second Amendment was established I do not think that children were killing children by walking Into a school and that our fore fathers envisioned the airlessness of gun owners and their lack of â€Å"control† of their own weapons. Politicians today are heedlessly Jeopardizing those whose freedom and rights they allege to be protecting. It Is time for the Government to withstand an honest glimpse at the tragic occurrences that are taking innocent people’s lives, the lives of young children in these gun shootings whether they are accidental or intentional. Responsibility for these heinous killings need to be assumed and it is the Government that needs to step up to the plate and federally regulate stricter gun control policies. Stricter gun control policies should include mandatory registration of weapons with a five to ten day waiting period, licensing of all gun owners, required gun permits and purchaser permits as well. Also included in these regulations should be intensive background checks with no stipulations. Unfortunately it is a fact that many of the guns used in these mass shootings were legally owned and obtained by the parents of the perpetrators. Other than the fact that schools should also have stricter precautions and security they must also have psychological observation and tracking. Yet another policy that would be welcomed Is responsibility of the parents in such that they too can be legally charged for allowing access to incompetent of securing a gun then perhaps they should not be allowed to possess one. How to cite Current Gun Control Laws, Papers

The Difficulty of Teamwork In Organization

Question: Describe about The Difficulty of Teamwork In Organization. Answer: Introduction Any business organization is always formed with a vision of achieving certain goals in the business of the organization. However, the effectiveness of the organization and its performance depend on several factors. In their study, Minguela and Arius (2010) report that the employees are the major driving force for the success of an organization. Well-managed employees not only promotes teamwork but also forms a good foundation for the structure, decision-making, work systems and culture of the organization. When a group of different individuals works together in a team, many challenges tend to occur such as communication and relationship issues. In small, medium, and large business organization, effective teamwork is not easily achieved (Nunamaker, Reinig, Briggs 2009, p. 115). However, the question becomes what are some of the challenges these organizations face when it comes to effective teamwork? This paper focuses on teamwork within an organization and some of the challenges that come with it. It also looks into some of the organizational and management theories that can be adopted so as to ensure effective teamwork in an organization. Challenges to effective teamwork in small and large-scale organizations According to Toegel and Brasseux (2016), lack of trust is a major issue for the organizations with multiple branches and where the employees from the branches never meet to discuss the activities within their branches. It becomes extremely difficult when building a team across branches as a result of lack of familiarity amongst the employees. For instance, it is not easy building a relationship with a partner you only communicate with via phone calls or emails. As a result, Kim, ONeill, and Cho (2010) point out that without a daily interaction between employees and a chance to know one another at personal levels will reduce or eliminate the commitment and motivation of the team members to keep united team functionality. Such a communication system leads to the loss of non-verbal cues and is especially worse for organizations with multiple locations as a result of limited physical issues and time zone differences that can result in the delay of information. Body language, facial expre ssion, and the tone essential parts of effective communication and the breakage of any of them can present challenges to the team effectiveness (Bate, Khan, Pye, 2012). In his study on the challenges to effective unity and good relationship in an organization, Gross (2011) reports that inconsistency is a major challenge especially for organizations with multiple locations and departments. Even though some corporate policies tend to be consistent across the different branches and departments of an organization, different leaders and managers may come up with their management styles within the organization. For instance, terminology for the work processes as well as the items of work may also differ across the branches. As a result, fostering teamwork across multiple such branches may require different terms and standards that can cause challenges to a cohesive team building within the organization. Multiple cultural challenges within the organization such as time use, language, and expectations to professional interactions among others can cause additional challenges and influence the effectiveness of the team. For example, the Middle East and Latin Americans tends to prefer building trust at personal levels before they engage in professional interaction and work issues. American also prefers using war metaphors and sports within the work environment, something that their overseas counterparts do not do. Tribal issues and language barriers can also reduce the efficiency of the teamwork within the organization. Wang and Sung (2016) thus point out that such intercultural issues can also lead to the hindrance in the effectiveness of teamwork. Theoretical concepts and perspectives towards challenges in teamwork Theoretical perspectives and modules help in the examination, explanation, and structuring of the organizational performance perspectives. According to Hass and Mortensen (2016), most of the management theories and frameworks stresses on the need of teamwork where each team member should play his or her role to their level best so as to enable the organization to achieve the set objectives. Many organizations hence focus on establishing virtual or actual teamwork in relation to different models and theories appreciates the need of structuring the organization with the effort of both the management and the employees. For many centuries, several management theories have been put in place by many managerial researchers as they try to explain the establishment of teamwork by managers for effective organizational performance. Bernard Chester (1886 to 1961) formulated a model in the Function of Executive that presented the idea that organizations operate are corporate working systems. In his theory, he views an organization as an organism trying to survive in a hostile environment and involves other external resources that limits or challenges the actions of the organization such as capital and labor among other resources. The complexity of the organizational system led to the formulation of other theories that attempted to explain the operation of an organization. Barnard further formulated inducement and system equilibrium theories with each model having its theory on the management of an organization. The system equilibrium theory has it that there is a need for a balance between the equilibrium processes of the management and the members of the organization. On the other hand, inducement-contribution theory formulates that the management of the organization has the responsibility of brainstorming on th e solutions to the challenges facing an organization. It is hence the responsibility of the management to address issues relating to poor teamwork within the organization (Bate, Khan, Pye 2012, P. 67). Additionally, Webbers formulated a Bureaucratic model that focuses on the rational means of an organization to control or improve the human being forming the major workforce within the organization. His bureaucratic ideology suggests that an organization requires well-defined rules to make the organization perform towards the set values and goals. The model recommends a chain of command that needs to be followed in a hierarchal way from the top to the last ranks of the organization. The model also proposes that promotion as well as employment requires a demonstration of competence with the aim of training the employees and protecting them against arbitrary dismissal (Nunamaker, Reinig, Briggs 2009, p. 115). However, Lewins theory of the Force Field Analysis suggests that the activities of the employees rely on the environment with the concrete station mathematical presentation and behavior and the environmental function as its three major principles. The theory hence explains that t he management should examine the progress or stagnation of the organization in relation to the environment that directly affects the performance of employees. In his theory, Lewin argues that fate and task interdependence explains that a team is made up of people with different characters which are an advantage to the organization as a member who has never achieved a certain goal can be supported to grow towards the goal by the other members (McCafferty 2016). Action of improving teamwork in an organization in relation to the theoretical perspectives In the aim of promoting teamwork in a workplace, regular communications of the team expectations, setting achievable standards, and emphasizing on the roles of each employee and their importance leads to successful relationships and effective unity performance according to Gross (2012, p. 78). For example, maintaining the relationship between managers and staff requires the emphasis on a precious and clear two-way communication. It makes them feel as crucial contributors who are respected in the process of achieving the final product or service of the company, hence promoting effective teamwork and promotes harmony between the management and the employees of the organization. According to Kalshoven and Boon (2012), an effective teamwork in an organization thrives when individuals feel comfortable as part of the team in every responsibility. As a result, effective communication, as well as both informal and formal team building activities, company oriented outings, and team-based char itable activities can help in achieving such relationships and effective teamwork. For instance, Fernet and Austin (2013) recommend that effective communicational also help in building trust and respect amongst supervisors, co-workers, and staff leads promote innovation, collaboration, and efficiency in the workplace. The management of the organization needs to ensure that clear and concise mission strategies, rules, and responsibilities within the organization are designed. All the employees should hence have a copy of the design so every employee is made aware of the kind of duties and responsibilities bestowed upon him by the organization (Jaruseviciene et al. 2013, p. 119). It as well promotes the efficiency in the departmental duty allocation so that the department can have a goal to be achieved as a team according to Tai, Narayanan, and McAllister, (2012). Discussing how the responsibilities and mission of the organization fit the personal values of the employees is important and is the major driving force of teamwork in the success of the organizational goals, culture, and values (Curran et al. 2010, p. 45). The manager should ensure regular staff meetings are held so as to highlight regular company activities and how they are expected to work towards upholding the mission. In this manner, the employees will be motivated to work towards a common goal with openness and commitment as Toegel and Brasseux (2016) reports. As pointed out by Colbert, Bono, and Purvanova (2016), a good leader should acquire effective conflict-prevention and management skills that can foster teamwork among the employees. For example, facilitating discussions in forums such as staff meetings bring together the team thus strengthens the relationship between team members. They get a platform to share their ideas and ask clarifying and non-judgmental questions thus improving their interpersonal communication skills, wins the confidence and trust between them as denoted by Deluliis and Flinko (2016, p. 123). Their study shows that the employees can be hesitant to open up, and it is the responsibility of a leader to ease everyone by being the first person to share voluntarily. With time, the participants will proceed to very superficial disclosures and into deeper discussions as they offer their responses as they listen to others. It hence promotes self-awareness promotes better cultural diversity understanding, as well as netw orking among their leaders and colleagues. Disparate and destructive opinions are not the only major cause of poor teamwork and bad relationships within an organization. Wang and Sung (2016) points out that most destructive relationship in a workplace stems from factors such as personality, race, gender, age, and responsibilities among other factors. The conventional approach of a leader to work through such issues before they result in clashes or conflicts is to respond to such matters together with the team at lower levels when they can still be handled (Erbert 2016, p. 287). When they are not addressed in time, Baillien et al. (2016) denote that they can allow frustrations are making it very difficult to restore trust and reset negative impressions hence compromising teamwork within the organization. Keen investigations, as well as quick responses to delicate situations that can compromise teamwork and good relationship between the employees, are essential when Desperate moments call for the attention of the management (Co lbert, Bono, Purvanova 2016, p. 67). Conclusion A complex and dynamic nature of a team hence calls for a decisive and strong leader to guide and manage the team. The process hence requires an evaluation of the potential challenges that affects the team development so as to strategize or create ways that can solve the teamwork challenges before they negatively affect the performance of the organization. Building effective teams that can help achieve the set goals and objectives is a challenge to many organizations. For instance, some of the challenges tend to be multiplied or magnified when the organizations have multiple locations within the same town or globally spread out. A clear understanding and anticipation of such challenges help the management of an organization to develop functioning and effective teams. References Baillien, E, Camps, J, Van den Broeck, A, Stouten, J, Godderis, L, Sercu, M, De Witte, H, 2016, An Eye for an Eye Will Make the Whole World Blind: Conflict Escalation into Workplace Bullying and the Role of Distributive Conflict Behavior, Journal Of Business Ethics,137(2), 415-429. Bate, P, Khan, R, Pye, A 2012, 'Towards A Culturally Sensitive Approach To Organization Structuring: Where Organization Design Meets Organizational Development',Organization Science, 11, 2, pp. 197-211. Colbert, A., Bono, J., Purvanova, R.K. (2016). Flourishing via workplace relationships: moving beyond instrumental support.Academy Of Management Journal,59(4), 1199-1223. doi:10.5465/amj.2014.0506 Curran, V, Sharpe, D, Flynn, K, Button, P 2010, 'A longitudinal study of the effect of an interprofessional education curriculum on student satisfaction and attitudes towards interprofessional teamwork and education',Journal Of Interprofessional Care, 24, 1, pp. 41-52 Erbert, LA 2016, 'Organizational Sensemaking: Interpretations of Workplace "Strangeness"',International Journal Of Business Communication, 53, 3, pp. 286-305, Communication Mass Media Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 12 September 2016. Fernet, C, Austin, S, 2013, Workplace bullying and psychological health at work, The mediating role of satisfaction of needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness, Work and Stress, 27, 123140. Gross, C, 2011, Conflict escalation and coping with teamwork challenges, A replication and extension, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10, 497522. Haas, M, Mortensen, M 2016, 'The Secrets of Great Teamwork',Harvard Business Review, 94, 6, pp. 70-76, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 12 September 2016. Jaruseviciene, L., Liseckiene, I., Valius, L., Kontrimiene, A., Jarusevicius, G., Velez Lapo, L. (2013). Teamwork in primary care: perspectives of general practitioners and community nurses in Lithuania.BMC Family Practice,14(1), 118-128. doi:10.1186/1471-2296-14-118 Kalshoven, K, Boon, C, 2012, Ethical leadership, employee well-being, and helping, Journal of Personnel Psychology, 11, 6068. Kim, S, ONeill, W., Cho, H, 2010, When does an employee not help coworkers? The effect of leader-member exchange on employee envy and organizational citizenship behavior, Internal Journal of Hospitality Management, 29, 530537. McCafferty, D 2016, 'Top Challenges of Managing a Virtual Team',CIO Insight, p. 1, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 12 September 2016. Minguela, B, Arias, D 2010, 'New product performance through multifunctional teamwork: An analysis of the development process towards quality excellence',Total Quality Management Business Excellence, 20, 4, pp. 381-392. Nunamaker Jr., J, Reinig, B, Briggs, R, 2009, 'Principles for Effective Virtual Teamwork',Communications Of The ACM, 52, 4, pp. 113-117, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 12 September 2016. Toegel, G, Brasseux, J, 2016, How to Preempt Teamwork in organization with multiplebranches,Harvard Business Review, 94, 6, pp. 78-83. Wang, Y, Sung, W, 2016, Predictors of Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Ethical Leadership and Workplace Jealousy,Journal Of Business Ethics, 135, 1, pp. 117-128.