Why Prostitution Is Wrong - 1156 Words

In â€Å"Markets in Women s Sexual Labor† Debra Satz lays out an argument for an â€Å"egalitarian approach† to deciding why prostitution is wrong and whether or not that means it should be illegal (Satz, 1995). Satz accepts that prostitution is wrong from the start but she seeks a good explanation for why. She decides that prostitution is wrong because the practice of women selling their sexual services to men perpetuates gender inequality. If we accept that prostitution is wrong then we should look for a good argument to explain why that is so. Many people feel that it is wrong in that there are some things humans can do that should not be put on the open market. This is the asymmetry thesis, which says that selling sex and reproductive services on the market is more wrong than selling other services. In order to make this thesis credible, however, it needs to say why sex and reproduction are singled out as unacceptable. What is it that is common to all prostitution (which varies considerably) that makes it wrong? Satz presents three arguments that could answer this question. First, the economic approach. This argument says that prostitution is wrong if its social costs outweigh its social benefits. It agrees with the asymmetry thesis if it is a given that the costs of prostitution are higher than the costs of other services on the market. These costs as she lists them are spread of diseases, guilt, financial waste, and damage to â€Å"moralisms.† Satz objects to this approachShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Truth about Prostitution876 Words   |  4 PagesThe Truth about Prostitution Prostitution is a major problem in the United States today. The way we treat these victims as criminals is simply unacceptable. Found in â€Å"Business Insider† a study of San Francisco prostitutes showed that as many as 68% of them have been raped and an astounding 82% had been assaulted. Also found on Business insider is a study conducted on the prostitutes in Colorado Springs which showed that prostitutes are 18X more likely to end up murder victims than those who do notRead MoreProstitution Is The Practice Of Performing Sexual Activity1625 Words   |  7 Pages Prostitution is the practice of performing sexual activity to get paid. This practice has existed for centuries and yet the question remains – is prostitution moral? It is because prostitution involves selling something very personal to earn money. Many people think that prostitution encourages slavery for women and selling body in return for money is very wrong while others think that prostitution is just like any other service so there is nothing immoral about it. In this paper, I will argue thatRead MoreFreedom of Women to Be Prostitutes Essay1440 Words   |  6 PagesFor centuries, women have been selling their bodies, in most cases prostitution, but it is not world’s oldest profession. Nevertheless, for as long as history states, prostitution has been around for as long as the oldest professions in the world. Every aspect of history asserts even the slightest things about prostitution existing. Prostitution has been a long-term profession through out several decad es, whether it varies from being an adult star, escort, prostitute, a stripper etc†¦ As long as theyRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal1695 Words   |  7 Pagesthat prostitution will exist no matter what because men will always degrade women, and women, in turn, can do the same to men, even though these moral aspects are not connected with the legalization process, mostly depending on moral qualities of the society members, and not on a position on prostitution. Thus, the essay will try to prove why prostitution should not be legal with the help of analysis of the articles of the well-known scientists. While feminist theory represents prostitution as aRead MoreWhy Some Things Should Not Be For Sale855 Words   |  4 PagesProstitution is sometimes referred to as â€Å"the world’s oldest profession,† with the first record of its practice dates back to Ancient Near East civilizations. Despite its age-old existence, not until relatively recently that researches and studies have been conducted in an attempt to obtain a better understanding of and more liberal perspective on a taboo widely perceived as too degrading and immoral to even talk about. When writing about commercial sex in her book â€Å"Why Some Things Should Not BeRead MoreNegative Effects Of Prostitution1376 Words   |  6 Pagesand think and understand the reason being why have they chosen this life and how it affects them. I wanted to do a research to see what I can find on if prostitution was to be legal will it affect them socioeconomically, but in a positive way rather than negative. Even though prostitution seems to be a big deal in the 21st century, little do society knows prostitution has been here for many centuries. A little history about prostitution is that it’s been around so far as 2400 BCRead MoreWhat is Prostitution?1838 Words   |  7 Pages According to the 2014 Merriam-Webster dictionary, prostitution is defined as â€Å"the act of having sex in exchange for money† (â€Å"Prostitution†). In the United States, the trafficking of sex sales has been illegal since the early 1900’s, with the exception of the 49th state, Alaska (Head). The trade was deemed unethical by the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, also credited with the ban of drug use and the elimination of alcohol in the 1920’s. Today, in all but two states, the buying and selling ofRead MoreProstitution Is Not Morally Permissible1433 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution is the act of engaging in sexual activity for financial gain. It is described as o ne of the oldest profession and one of the most controversial issues in the modern society. In the ancient world, prostitution was allowed as part of religious traditions in some cultures such as Greek where prostitutes were dedicated to gods. Today prostitution has become more open, and some countries such as Bulgaria and Netherlands have legalized the practice. In the recent past, ethics of prostitutionRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Abolished?1174 Words   |  5 PagesProstitution. Streetwalking. The sex trade. The sex industry. Whoring. Hooking. Et Cetera. The exchange of sexual activities for money. Prostitution is probably one of, if not the oldest taboos in our culture, and for good reason. Often times, prostitution is monitored in places called brothels, meeting places for finding prostitutes and sex in general. This scandalous practice is currently legal in many parts of the world, i.e. Germany, most of South America, Spain, Australia, Canada, France, ItalyRead MoreProsti tution Between Canada And Canada1712 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution in Canada: Changes in Legislation Due to the fairly recent changes regarding the legality of prostitution in Canada, individuals who use and provide these services have been cautious (Warnica, 2015). Unfortunately, new laws may create more problems than benefits, such as, financial problems due to fewer people buying sex because it is illegal to do so. In this paper, I will explicate and assess the new changes to the law regarding prostitution in Canada, arguing that prostitution should

Women’s rights in the late 1800’s - 1100 Words

Women’s rights in the late 1800’s A Doll House gives us a true insight into the roles for men and women during the late 1800’s. This is why the play has been said to be able to take place in any and all suburbs. At this point in history, the roles of gender were mainly consistent across the world. Men vs. women in economics, social status, gender rights, marriage and divorce, and occupation can best describe this. During the late 1800’s women had no economic rights once they were married. Honestly they had little before they were married as well. All of their property before marriage automatically became their husbands when they got married. All of their money, furniture, anything they had previously becomes their husbands the moment†¦show more content†¦The only time a woman has to make any of these decisions is either there husband let them or their husband died. Widowed women had rights to do some things a man could do because typically they because they had to provide as a man would for her family. Even then they are not treated the same as a man. It was a man economic world. Women’s social role during the late 1800’s was to take care of the children and the house. Women were like dolls and did not have any real thoughts of their own according to society. The women were supposed to be submissive to their dominate husbands. If the man’s status were a higher class then the women would have help in the form of house cleaner and servants. All she then had to do was be carefree. Women and men did not sit down and have conversations to work out any issues. Women were to idolize their husbands and be happy all the time. Women were possessions to men. Men were in search for a trophy wife someone they could take to parties and show off. This is shown by Torvald saying â€Å"Is that my little squirrel bustling around?† He refers to her as a squirrel she should not have a worry in the world he basically placates her. You can also tell this by the way Nora and Torvald discuss her not being able to eat macaroons. He is controlli ng and Nora is a piece of property. Torvald said â€Å"I wouldn’t be a man if this womanlyShow MoreRelatedThroughout History Women Have Had Different Roles, Most1750 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen conquered or dismissed and would never been studied in a patriarchal society. Although the late 1800’s was an exciting and revolutionary time for the United States, women were still subjugated to archaic mindsets. A few women of the late 1800’s started to break the mold and give further generations of women hope for equal rights and the start of a new idea â€Å"feminism† (Logan). Women of the late 1800’s were treated no more than property, breeding vessels, and toilers much unlike the more progressiveRead MoreThe Female Sex Hormone Estrogen1750 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen conquered or dismissed and would never be studied in a patriarchal society. Although the late 1800’s was an exciting and revolutionary time in the United States, women were still su bjugated to archaic mindsets. A few women of the late 1800’s started to break the mold and give further generations of women hope for equal rights and the start of a new idea â€Å"feminism† (Logan). Women of the late 1800’s were treated no more than property, breeding vessels, and toilers much unlike the more progressiveRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1263 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout hundreds of years, women have experienced inequalities by society and by the law. Mostly, women were treated differently from men. The women in America during the late 1800’s were treated unequally to men because they couldn’t vote, they had no job opportunities, and they were controlled in marriage. In the beginning, only men had the privilege to vote on any law that they desired which is a reason why women were treated unequally to men. Unlike women who didn’tRead MoreJane Austen’s Novel Pride and Prejudice Essay874 Words   |  4 Pagescoincidence that Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, coincides directly with the historical events of this time period. The most visible impact that is historically highlighted in Pride and Prejudice is the changing social landscape of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth-century England. The landed gentry, those who owned land, were the most influential division of society in Austen’s time. In cases of small land classes, the English encouraged the consolidation and extension of estatesRead MoreThe Roaring 20 s Era Of Growth And Reform1309 Words   |  6 PagesThe era of the 1920s, also known as the Roaring 20’s, was a revolutionary time in which radical changes struck the American nation, drastically increasing advances in society and economy. New and different forms of dance, music, clothing, behavior, and lifestyle were developed nationwide. The Antebellum Period in the late 1700s increased rebellion, similar to the Roaring 20’s era of growth and reform. As this time period brought profound changes, conflict, cultural excitement, and experimentationRead MoreWomen During The Late 1800s1003 Words   |  5 PagesWomen in the Late 1800s In the early 1800s, women were second-class citizens. Women were expected to restrict their area of interest to the home and the family. Women were not encouraged to have a real education or pursue a professional career. Also, women were considered unequal to their husbands and all males legally and socially. The day-to day lives of men and women were quite clearly divided during the late 1800s. Woman in the late 1800s were treated inhumane because of society, class, and theirRead MoreWomens Suffrage in the 1800’s-19th Century Essay1190 Words   |  5 Pagesan education, their voting rights, ownership of property, and being employed. As mentioned above, women’s role were unjust to the roles and freedoms of the men, so an advanced education for women was a strongly debated subject at the beginning of the nineteenth century (McElligott 1). The thought of a higher chance of education for women was looked down upon, in the early decades of the nineteenth century (The American Pageant 327). It was established that a women’s role took part inside the householdRead MoreWomen s Rights For Women1465 Words   |  6 Pages Women’s rights in America in late 1800’s women’s right to vote women in medicine and the equal rights for women are the 3 main points that were big in the 1800’s. Women’s rights to vote women couldn’t vote back in the late 1800’s. Women had to stay home and take care of the children, cook and clean the house and when their husbands get home take care of them too. Although women had to do all those things they were not paid equal for the things they did. Women were told it is not job to vote thatRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Education1174 Words   |  5 PagesWomen’s rights in education have improved greatly since the early 1800s — when girls only learned skills that society believed would make them good wives and would be ostracized for wanting more in their education. Today, more women than men attend and complete their collage degrees. In the early 1800s education was mainly for middle and upper class citizens in America, and was for boys. Even thought both classes were educated it was in very different ways. In the North if you were a part of anRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Gender Equality And Women1005 Words   |  5 PagesHistorically women have not been provided equal opportunities in competitive and collegiate sports. In the late 1800’s, social perception was that females were weak and although they were admired by men, they were treated like objects (Lumpkin, 2013). Competitive and collegiate sports were dominated by males, with little opportunity for women to participate. Females eagerly wanted to participate, however sports were perceived inappropriate which would put their femininity in question and put

Current Gun Control Laws Free Essays

Dear Mr.. Mayor, I write this memorandum with renewed consciousness and self-reflection. We will write a custom essay sample on Current Gun Control Laws or any similar topic only for you Order Now I write this in regards to the current gun control policies and regulations. In today’s society there are far too many mass shootings that innocently take people’s lives. These mass shootings are occurring in schools, movie theaters, shopping malls, compounds, public events, and at work. Numerous shootings have occurred in the past few years and the numbers continue to evolve. It is our responsibility as citizens to stand up and take charge of the matter. We can start this endeavor by enacting gun control. No one has the freedom to take another’s life from them and once a person has died not anyone can bring them back. In this memorandum I will be mainly focusing on school shootings. Catastrophes will always occur, however, we as citizens can make a meaningful difference In preventing these shootings from occurring by Implementing stricter gun control regulations. Perhaps by enforcing antigen policies will prevent a hill, a teenager, a young adult, an adult, or senior citizen from making one of the biggest mistake of their life. Guns have no place in schools and schools are supposed to be designed not only for education but as a safe environment for children (Information for Gun Control, 2014). Yes, the Second Amendment gives citizens of the United States the right to bear arms (genuine. Com, 2013). However, at the time that the Second Amendment was established I do not think that children were killing children by walking Into a school and that our fore fathers envisioned the airlessness of gun owners and their lack of â€Å"control† of their own weapons. Politicians today are heedlessly Jeopardizing those whose freedom and rights they allege to be protecting. It Is time for the Government to withstand an honest glimpse at the tragic occurrences that are taking innocent people’s lives, the lives of young children in these gun shootings whether they are accidental or intentional. Responsibility for these heinous killings need to be assumed and it is the Government that needs to step up to the plate and federally regulate stricter gun control policies. Stricter gun control policies should include mandatory registration of weapons with a five to ten day waiting period, licensing of all gun owners, required gun permits and purchaser permits as well. Also included in these regulations should be intensive background checks with no stipulations. Unfortunately it is a fact that many of the guns used in these mass shootings were legally owned and obtained by the parents of the perpetrators. Other than the fact that schools should also have stricter precautions and security they must also have psychological observation and tracking. Yet another policy that would be welcomed Is responsibility of the parents in such that they too can be legally charged for allowing access to incompetent of securing a gun then perhaps they should not be allowed to possess one. How to cite Current Gun Control Laws, Papers

The Difficulty of Teamwork In Organization

Question: Describe about The Difficulty of Teamwork In Organization. Answer: Introduction Any business organization is always formed with a vision of achieving certain goals in the business of the organization. However, the effectiveness of the organization and its performance depend on several factors. In their study, Minguela and Arius (2010) report that the employees are the major driving force for the success of an organization. Well-managed employees not only promotes teamwork but also forms a good foundation for the structure, decision-making, work systems and culture of the organization. When a group of different individuals works together in a team, many challenges tend to occur such as communication and relationship issues. In small, medium, and large business organization, effective teamwork is not easily achieved (Nunamaker, Reinig, Briggs 2009, p. 115). However, the question becomes what are some of the challenges these organizations face when it comes to effective teamwork? This paper focuses on teamwork within an organization and some of the challenges that come with it. It also looks into some of the organizational and management theories that can be adopted so as to ensure effective teamwork in an organization. Challenges to effective teamwork in small and large-scale organizations According to Toegel and Brasseux (2016), lack of trust is a major issue for the organizations with multiple branches and where the employees from the branches never meet to discuss the activities within their branches. It becomes extremely difficult when building a team across branches as a result of lack of familiarity amongst the employees. For instance, it is not easy building a relationship with a partner you only communicate with via phone calls or emails. As a result, Kim, ONeill, and Cho (2010) point out that without a daily interaction between employees and a chance to know one another at personal levels will reduce or eliminate the commitment and motivation of the team members to keep united team functionality. Such a communication system leads to the loss of non-verbal cues and is especially worse for organizations with multiple locations as a result of limited physical issues and time zone differences that can result in the delay of information. Body language, facial expre ssion, and the tone essential parts of effective communication and the breakage of any of them can present challenges to the team effectiveness (Bate, Khan, Pye, 2012). In his study on the challenges to effective unity and good relationship in an organization, Gross (2011) reports that inconsistency is a major challenge especially for organizations with multiple locations and departments. Even though some corporate policies tend to be consistent across the different branches and departments of an organization, different leaders and managers may come up with their management styles within the organization. For instance, terminology for the work processes as well as the items of work may also differ across the branches. As a result, fostering teamwork across multiple such branches may require different terms and standards that can cause challenges to a cohesive team building within the organization. Multiple cultural challenges within the organization such as time use, language, and expectations to professional interactions among others can cause additional challenges and influence the effectiveness of the team. For example, the Middle East and Latin Americans tends to prefer building trust at personal levels before they engage in professional interaction and work issues. American also prefers using war metaphors and sports within the work environment, something that their overseas counterparts do not do. Tribal issues and language barriers can also reduce the efficiency of the teamwork within the organization. Wang and Sung (2016) thus point out that such intercultural issues can also lead to the hindrance in the effectiveness of teamwork. Theoretical concepts and perspectives towards challenges in teamwork Theoretical perspectives and modules help in the examination, explanation, and structuring of the organizational performance perspectives. According to Hass and Mortensen (2016), most of the management theories and frameworks stresses on the need of teamwork where each team member should play his or her role to their level best so as to enable the organization to achieve the set objectives. Many organizations hence focus on establishing virtual or actual teamwork in relation to different models and theories appreciates the need of structuring the organization with the effort of both the management and the employees. For many centuries, several management theories have been put in place by many managerial researchers as they try to explain the establishment of teamwork by managers for effective organizational performance. Bernard Chester (1886 to 1961) formulated a model in the Function of Executive that presented the idea that organizations operate are corporate working systems. In his theory, he views an organization as an organism trying to survive in a hostile environment and involves other external resources that limits or challenges the actions of the organization such as capital and labor among other resources. The complexity of the organizational system led to the formulation of other theories that attempted to explain the operation of an organization. Barnard further formulated inducement and system equilibrium theories with each model having its theory on the management of an organization. The system equilibrium theory has it that there is a need for a balance between the equilibrium processes of the management and the members of the organization. On the other hand, inducement-contribution theory formulates that the management of the organization has the responsibility of brainstorming on th e solutions to the challenges facing an organization. It is hence the responsibility of the management to address issues relating to poor teamwork within the organization (Bate, Khan, Pye 2012, P. 67). Additionally, Webbers formulated a Bureaucratic model that focuses on the rational means of an organization to control or improve the human being forming the major workforce within the organization. His bureaucratic ideology suggests that an organization requires well-defined rules to make the organization perform towards the set values and goals. The model recommends a chain of command that needs to be followed in a hierarchal way from the top to the last ranks of the organization. The model also proposes that promotion as well as employment requires a demonstration of competence with the aim of training the employees and protecting them against arbitrary dismissal (Nunamaker, Reinig, Briggs 2009, p. 115). However, Lewins theory of the Force Field Analysis suggests that the activities of the employees rely on the environment with the concrete station mathematical presentation and behavior and the environmental function as its three major principles. The theory hence explains that t he management should examine the progress or stagnation of the organization in relation to the environment that directly affects the performance of employees. In his theory, Lewin argues that fate and task interdependence explains that a team is made up of people with different characters which are an advantage to the organization as a member who has never achieved a certain goal can be supported to grow towards the goal by the other members (McCafferty 2016). Action of improving teamwork in an organization in relation to the theoretical perspectives In the aim of promoting teamwork in a workplace, regular communications of the team expectations, setting achievable standards, and emphasizing on the roles of each employee and their importance leads to successful relationships and effective unity performance according to Gross (2012, p. 78). For example, maintaining the relationship between managers and staff requires the emphasis on a precious and clear two-way communication. It makes them feel as crucial contributors who are respected in the process of achieving the final product or service of the company, hence promoting effective teamwork and promotes harmony between the management and the employees of the organization. According to Kalshoven and Boon (2012), an effective teamwork in an organization thrives when individuals feel comfortable as part of the team in every responsibility. As a result, effective communication, as well as both informal and formal team building activities, company oriented outings, and team-based char itable activities can help in achieving such relationships and effective teamwork. For instance, Fernet and Austin (2013) recommend that effective communicational also help in building trust and respect amongst supervisors, co-workers, and staff leads promote innovation, collaboration, and efficiency in the workplace. The management of the organization needs to ensure that clear and concise mission strategies, rules, and responsibilities within the organization are designed. All the employees should hence have a copy of the design so every employee is made aware of the kind of duties and responsibilities bestowed upon him by the organization (Jaruseviciene et al. 2013, p. 119). It as well promotes the efficiency in the departmental duty allocation so that the department can have a goal to be achieved as a team according to Tai, Narayanan, and McAllister, (2012). Discussing how the responsibilities and mission of the organization fit the personal values of the employees is important and is the major driving force of teamwork in the success of the organizational goals, culture, and values (Curran et al. 2010, p. 45). The manager should ensure regular staff meetings are held so as to highlight regular company activities and how they are expected to work towards upholding the mission. In this manner, the employees will be motivated to work towards a common goal with openness and commitment as Toegel and Brasseux (2016) reports. As pointed out by Colbert, Bono, and Purvanova (2016), a good leader should acquire effective conflict-prevention and management skills that can foster teamwork among the employees. For example, facilitating discussions in forums such as staff meetings bring together the team thus strengthens the relationship between team members. They get a platform to share their ideas and ask clarifying and non-judgmental questions thus improving their interpersonal communication skills, wins the confidence and trust between them as denoted by Deluliis and Flinko (2016, p. 123). Their study shows that the employees can be hesitant to open up, and it is the responsibility of a leader to ease everyone by being the first person to share voluntarily. With time, the participants will proceed to very superficial disclosures and into deeper discussions as they offer their responses as they listen to others. It hence promotes self-awareness promotes better cultural diversity understanding, as well as netw orking among their leaders and colleagues. Disparate and destructive opinions are not the only major cause of poor teamwork and bad relationships within an organization. Wang and Sung (2016) points out that most destructive relationship in a workplace stems from factors such as personality, race, gender, age, and responsibilities among other factors. The conventional approach of a leader to work through such issues before they result in clashes or conflicts is to respond to such matters together with the team at lower levels when they can still be handled (Erbert 2016, p. 287). When they are not addressed in time, Baillien et al. (2016) denote that they can allow frustrations are making it very difficult to restore trust and reset negative impressions hence compromising teamwork within the organization. Keen investigations, as well as quick responses to delicate situations that can compromise teamwork and good relationship between the employees, are essential when Desperate moments call for the attention of the management (Co lbert, Bono, Purvanova 2016, p. 67). Conclusion A complex and dynamic nature of a team hence calls for a decisive and strong leader to guide and manage the team. The process hence requires an evaluation of the potential challenges that affects the team development so as to strategize or create ways that can solve the teamwork challenges before they negatively affect the performance of the organization. Building effective teams that can help achieve the set goals and objectives is a challenge to many organizations. For instance, some of the challenges tend to be multiplied or magnified when the organizations have multiple locations within the same town or globally spread out. A clear understanding and anticipation of such challenges help the management of an organization to develop functioning and effective teams. References Baillien, E, Camps, J, Van den Broeck, A, Stouten, J, Godderis, L, Sercu, M, De Witte, H, 2016, An Eye for an Eye Will Make the Whole World Blind: Conflict Escalation into Workplace Bullying and the Role of Distributive Conflict Behavior, Journal Of Business Ethics,137(2), 415-429. Bate, P, Khan, R, Pye, A 2012, 'Towards A Culturally Sensitive Approach To Organization Structuring: Where Organization Design Meets Organizational Development',Organization Science, 11, 2, pp. 197-211. Colbert, A., Bono, J., Purvanova, R.K. (2016). Flourishing via workplace relationships: moving beyond instrumental support.Academy Of Management Journal,59(4), 1199-1223. doi:10.5465/amj.2014.0506 Curran, V, Sharpe, D, Flynn, K, Button, P 2010, 'A longitudinal study of the effect of an interprofessional education curriculum on student satisfaction and attitudes towards interprofessional teamwork and education',Journal Of Interprofessional Care, 24, 1, pp. 41-52 Erbert, LA 2016, 'Organizational Sensemaking: Interpretations of Workplace "Strangeness"',International Journal Of Business Communication, 53, 3, pp. 286-305, Communication Mass Media Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 12 September 2016. Fernet, C, Austin, S, 2013, Workplace bullying and psychological health at work, The mediating role of satisfaction of needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness, Work and Stress, 27, 123140. Gross, C, 2011, Conflict escalation and coping with teamwork challenges, A replication and extension, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10, 497522. Haas, M, Mortensen, M 2016, 'The Secrets of Great Teamwork',Harvard Business Review, 94, 6, pp. 70-76, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 12 September 2016. Jaruseviciene, L., Liseckiene, I., Valius, L., Kontrimiene, A., Jarusevicius, G., Velez Lapo, L. (2013). Teamwork in primary care: perspectives of general practitioners and community nurses in Lithuania.BMC Family Practice,14(1), 118-128. doi:10.1186/1471-2296-14-118 Kalshoven, K, Boon, C, 2012, Ethical leadership, employee well-being, and helping, Journal of Personnel Psychology, 11, 6068. Kim, S, ONeill, W., Cho, H, 2010, When does an employee not help coworkers? The effect of leader-member exchange on employee envy and organizational citizenship behavior, Internal Journal of Hospitality Management, 29, 530537. McCafferty, D 2016, 'Top Challenges of Managing a Virtual Team',CIO Insight, p. 1, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 12 September 2016. Minguela, B, Arias, D 2010, 'New product performance through multifunctional teamwork: An analysis of the development process towards quality excellence',Total Quality Management Business Excellence, 20, 4, pp. 381-392. Nunamaker Jr., J, Reinig, B, Briggs, R, 2009, 'Principles for Effective Virtual Teamwork',Communications Of The ACM, 52, 4, pp. 113-117, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 12 September 2016. Toegel, G, Brasseux, J, 2016, How to Preempt Teamwork in organization with multiplebranches,Harvard Business Review, 94, 6, pp. 78-83. Wang, Y, Sung, W, 2016, Predictors of Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Ethical Leadership and Workplace Jealousy,Journal Of Business Ethics, 135, 1, pp. 117-128.

Aging and Marriage essays

Aging and Marriage essays A big aspect in keeping a marriage successful is how much communication occurs between the two people involved. For a healthy relationship there is a need for quite a bit of communication. Communication, as stated in class, is one of the key elements to a successful marriage. There has to be some open discussions and trust in the relationship to make it anywhere. If you can not talk to your partner you will not be able to solve problems in a healthy manner. You have to be able to tell your partner things to help you learn and mature with them. You have to learn how to compromise and help each other out. Communication has to be part of your relationship in some way. You cannot go through your life not talking to your partner about important issues that you should be able to talk to them about. Another important issue discussed in class was homosexuals and marriage. Homosexual marriage is an important issue because it deals with a relatively large minority of the United States. This issue is important today with respect to many different ideas. There are so many ideas of morals, family values, and those of equality, constitutionality, and right to privacy. The aspect with the most relevance is constantly left up to debate. Homosexuals are 'gay' due to a combination of factors. These factors are environment and society-the outside influences- and genetics. Hence, homosexuals do not decide their own sexuality, nor do heterosexuals. Therefore, homosexuals should have the same rights as heterosexuals, one of these rights being marriage. This is why it is of great importance to public policy whether or not homosexuality is predetermined. I am not homosexual and I am not writing this to defend homosexuals. I just believe that the whole issue is unfair towards homosexuals. Marriage goes beyond the benefits, however. The institution of marriage is a very respected one, and holds much senti ...

5 Steps to Writing a Hassle-Free Literature Review

5 Steps to Writing a Hassle-Free Literature Review When youre tasked with writing a lengthy academic study such as a journal article, thesis or dissertation, a literature review will likely be a part of that process. The literature review portion of your research is perhaps one of the most difficult sections to write. A well-written literature review will provide a summary of the scholarly sources youve used in your research. It will also summarize the current knowledge and scholarship surrounding the topic youve chosen to study in more depth, including any patterns, themes, or gaps that are in the research. If the research you plan to conduct will fill any of these gaps, the literature review should mention that, as well.Depending on the type of writing that will be required, your literature review could be a separate chapter, or it could part of the introduction or part of the theoretical framework. In some cases, a literature review might be written on its own as a survey of scholarly knowledge on a topic. However, in either case, here are the five steps to writing a hassle-free literature review.A literature review is a survey of scholarly knowledge that has been published on a certain topic. Photo by Henry Be on Unsplash.Step 1- Narrow your topicOne of the first and easiest mistakes to make when writing a literature review is to start with a topic that is too broad. Since the literature review will provide a foundation for your research, it needs to be narrowed enough to provide a solid one.For example, lets say you want to research the topic of childhood obesity. Obviously, there will be hundreds of scholarly sources that focus on that topic, so trying to summarize all of them would be not only difficult- it would be useless for the purposes of your own research.However, you can break that topic down even further to narrow the scope of your research. For example, instead, you could research childhood obesity and social development among middle-school-aged children. With this narrowed topic, the scholarly research you find will include all (or most) of the important keywords of your research: childhood obesity, social development, middle school. That makes your search for pertinent, relevant research a much easier task.Step 2- Gather your sources and pick the right ones to useNow that you have a narrowed topic, step two will be much easier than it would have been otherwise. In this step, you find recent, relevant research that includes your keywords and informs your knowledge on the topic. While reading the most recent scholarly articles or books, youll begin to notice certain studies or theories that the authors consistently refer to as a foundation for their own study. This is usually a good indicator that you should include those previous studies and theories in your own literature review, to provide your readers with a summary of the most relevant ideas surrounding that topic.To put it simply- determining which sources you will include in your literature review is really a matter of: 1) knowing how to identify the important, foundational (landmark) studies that have been conducted and 2) knowing how to identify current, relevant studies.Landmark studiesIf youre researching in a field youve studied extensively already, youre likely to already know the relevant research that is important to note, otherwise known as landmark studies. For example, in the field of Education, the early childhood development research of Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, and John Dewey are foundational in almost any research related to a childs development. Therefore, many literature reviews will mention them and briefly summarize what they added to the scholarly knowledge foundational to the topic.Current studiesWhile its impossible to read everything thats published relating to a topic- even a narrow one- you can find the relevant research by noticing the attention its getting and the number of times its been cited in other studies. You can use several websites to discover how many time s an article has been cited and this article provides easy links and instructions on how to do this.However, just because an article or book has been often cited doesnt mean you have to use it for your own research. You can find other relevant articles by looking through abstracts and determining if the research is both credible and useful for your own. You should also use this opportunity to see if there is perhaps a gap in the research- something that needs to be explored that hasnt been thoroughly explored by other researchers. Or, is there a different approach you want to take in your own methodology that will close a gap or answer a question that is still out there in the scholarly writing available on your topic?Step 3- Find connections, patterns, disagreements, pivotal changes and gapsNow that youve determined which sources you plan to use, you can begin reading over them in more detail to look for connections, patterns, disagreements, pivotal changes and gaps in the literatu re. Its important at this step to find trends that keep showing up as you read, as well as themes that arise. Youll also want to note where different researchers agree or disagree, and why there is a discrepancy in their understanding or hypotheses.You might also find that a certain past study changed scholarly discourse in a major way. That would be a pivotal moment to note in your literature review, since it is foundational in the overall scholarship surrounding the topic.Finally, you want to find and acknowledge any gaps you note in the literature. For example, for our childhood obesity and social development among middle-school-aged children, you might find that none of the research youve come across seems to take into account comorbidity of obesity and mental health issues in middle-school-aged children. Therefore, its a gap in the research that you can address in your literature review and potentially fill in your research.Its important that you, as a researcher, find and ackn owledge any gaps you note in the literature. Photo by Bruno Figueiredo on Unsplash.Step 4- Determine how you will organize your literature reviewNow that you know which sources you plan to use to compile your literature review (and thus, inform your own research), its important to organize the summary of these sources to make your analysis easier for your reader to follow.ChronologicalThis is one of the easiest and most popular ways to organize a literature review. Its easy to do because you simply mention each source in the order it was published, beginning with the earlier, landmark studies. However, the problem with this organizational structure is its easy to just list your summaries, one after the other, without pointing out any patterns or themes that occur among them. Youll need to focus on showing how the scholarship has changed and evolved over the years, as well as mention any important turning points that might have occurred.TheoreticalSince the sources you have been read ing have all resulted in a theoretical analysis or hypothesis, you can organize your literature review from a theoretical standpoint, showing how the framework was built. If there is a certain theoretical approach to your topic of study that you prefer above others, this might be the best way for you to organize your literature review.ThematicThematic organization of your literature review is the best way to approach it if you want to point out various themes that have come up in your exploration of the topic. For example, returning to our previously mentioned topic, childhood obesity and social development among middle-school-aged children, we might find multiple themes that arise, such as forming friendships, self-confidence, bullying, and family bonds. If we want to study the topic within these four themes or parameters, a thematic-organized literature review will be the best bet.MethodologicalMethodological organization for your literature review will focus on the various method ologies used in prior studies and mention each based on that factor. For example, you might first look at quantitative studies that were done on the topic, then look at qualitative ones, comparing the results of both. Or, you might first analyze literature that shows empirical methodologies, then analyze a more theoretical approach.Step 5- Write your literature reviewNow that youve gone through the other steps, this should be the easy part. As you write, remember that your task is to summarize and synthesize all relevant scholarly work on your topic, while also analyzing any gaps, patterns, inconsistencies, or themes that emerge.Note that as you write, you need to remain as critical and objective as possible in your overview of literature. If you feel that there were biases and you have a substantial case to make with it, include your analysis on that fact. If you feel that certain studies had stronger methodologies or frameworks than others, mention that, as well. The point of a li terature review is to let your reader know that you have researched your topic in depth and have a credible, solid foundation from which to continue that study or pose hypotheses connected to it.

Language Confusion in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night Essay

Language Confusion in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night - Essay Example In literary critics, views that Feste has assumed the spirit of the Twelve Night festivities which involves having fun and tossing the bird towards authority figures (Ford, 145). Despite the belief by Caesario, the disguised Olivia, she believes that Feste remains one of the wisest cats in Illyria. The description fits Feste through his expressed genius nature with words. Feste is endowed with the talent of punning, clever banter and word play. It is amazing how Feste utilizes his skills throughout the Twelfth Night (Ford, 148). Feste appears fond of amicably sizing up situations as they come and at the same time the characters around him allowing him to discern the foolishness of the individuals around him. The character not only tickles individuals but, at the same time ends up providing him with an opportunity to earn a few bucks. Feste mocks the Olivia saying that she has over indulge in mourning which, he, Feste, views as a foolish behavior. Further, Feste mocks Duke Orsino’s moods as being excess. To emphasize the extent he compares Orsino’s mind with an ‘apal’ that constantly changes its color (Ford,

The Political Characteristic of the Declining Economy Assignment

The Political Characteristic of the Declining Economy - Assignment Example The paragraph provides an insight into the financial crisis, aiding us to establish the link between the European Union leaders and the currency factor. The intermittency factor that crossly explored the market trends from April 2012 onwards was based on the actual GDP within the Euro as explored by eurostat, which is the agency providing relevant statistics about the fluctuations of the euro. The immediate analysis provides the financial stress, explained by the fell in the overall GDP by up to 0.2% (April statistics). This inconclusively provided further weakening of the currency and the previous quarters had recorded a 0% growth rate. The intermediate concept aiding growth according to the article (par 3) is by cutting expenditures. Financial policies were hence initiated in order to help created a stronger economic variance and this also included providing support through bailout and related financial models. The statistical analysis also points out the monetary balances and asse t adequacies within the zone. This continually reflected changing exchange rate scenarios as per the critical understanding of the regulatory factor. While reforms within the various financial sectors have included examining the changing trends within the policies in the eurozone, (Germany for example demonstrated weak currency at the close of the 1st quarter), full compliance in terms of political policies by individual countries appeared real (Par 4). Source: Eurozone The economy of the Euro zone contracted but with technical avoidance of recession. The eurostat data showed the its GDP remained at bar during the 1st quarter of 2012. However the contraction was at 0.3% during the first quarters of 2011. However, the weakeness of the euro led to shrinking and to a fall by 05% in 2012. According to Willman (2007), the statistical analysis of vast financial ratings reflect a continuously varying seller-buyer trading preferences that are naturally controlled by the nature of the exchan ge rates. However, the exchange rates explored in part 5 of the essay show those projections relative to quantitative easing practices. Literally, the dynamics explores that the currency itself would dynamically change from one level to another, inflicting a lot of price hike within the zone. Ultimately, the scenario would hence explore vital market exchanges, and fully controlling the spending within countries. The foreign exchange market was low (par 5) partly due to financial crisis and also due to general slow growth. The purchasing characteristic identified in par 5 slowed tremendously and this also indicated that the various occurrences such as the depreciation of the currency would hence be critically considered. Source: Eurozone The industrial production in the Eurozone contracted to about 0.6% by June. This shows a slum but though the indexed analysis provides a universal relevance of the shrinking, it also provides a reflection of the major drag factors. Par 6 provides a d iscussion on basic foreign exchange within the zone and the potentialities of foreign exchanges. Further research also identifies notable inclusion of market structures, and the changing restrictions on competition and on other capital requirements. The core framework also explored the relevance of politics as outlined by

Economics Coursework, LDCs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economics Coursework, LDCs - Essay Example nts are usually monetary aid which need not be paid back while loans are monetary funds given and need to be repaid with interest, further there are two forms of loans, soft loans which are loan advanced in concession rates or given and need to be rapid below market interest rates. Hard loans which are loans given under the prevailing market interest rate level. Foreign aid given to developing countries is either tied aid or untied aid. Tied aid means that there are conditions while untied aid has no conditions attached to them. This paper however discusses the important and the role that international monetary institutions have played in improving the current states of the developing countries. Developing countries are faced with the problem of low levels of economic development, high levels of poverty, low capital accumulation and high population growth. Foreign aid is one way in which the developing countries are able to come out of the current state, aid offered by the international institutions therefore play a major role in the improvement of the economic performance of developing countries. Developing countries are faced with low levels of savings and therefore low levels of investment, international institutions give aid to the developing countries to help reduce the shortage of domestic saving through the provision of capital and equipment which supplement the capital formation in these countries. Because capital accumulation is one form of achieving higher economic growth, the international institutions give aid to developing countries to encourage capital formation and accumulation in their economies. The diagram below shows the relationship that exists between savings and investment, when there is low savings then there is low investment, and bearing in mind that investment is a source of economic development then the level of economic growth will be low if there is low savings. Foreign aid is a means by which the less developing countries are able

Transformational Leadership Style And Organizational Culture Management Essay

Transformational Leadership Style And Organizational Culture Management Essay This quantitative research investigates the relationship between transformational leadership style organizational culture with organizational commitment and job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. The literature supported the relationship between these variables and the relationship between these variables was investigated by different approaches. However, in the current study the researcher uses transformational leadership style which introduced by Bass as a independent variable and four types of organizational culture such as Clan, Hierarchy, Adhocracy, Market and which introduced by Cameron and Quinn in 1999 as a mediator variable, while the three dimensions of organizational commitment such as Affective, Normative and Continuance commitment which introduced by Meyer and Allen in 1991 and job satisfaction as dependent variables. The objectives of this research are Firstly, to determine the nature of the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) in National Oil Corporation in Libya. Secondly, to determine the nature of the relationship between transformational leadership style with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. Thirdly, to determine the nature of the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocratic) in National Oil Corporation in Libya. Fourthly, to determine the effect of Organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocratic) on the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) in National Oil Corporation in Libya. fifthly, to determine the effect of Organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocratic) on the relationship between tr ansformational leadership style with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. Lastly, to determine the nature of the relationship between organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. To achieve these aims four instruments will use in this research such as Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) uses to test employee opinions about leadership style, Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI) uses to measure Organizational Culture, (TCOCQ) Three Components Organizational Commitment Questionnaire uses to measure Organizational Commitment and (JSS) Job Satisfaction Survey to measure Job Satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. The pilot study asserted that these instruments were suitable for this research because the result of the Cronbachs alpha reliability coefficients for the transformational leadership style, organizational culture, organizational commitment and job satisfaction are more than 0.70. The nature of the data and the relationship between the method and the research objectives are considered as the basis for selecting the right statistical methods. Therefore, this study used what is relevant to the research question and framework. The statistical methods will be used in this study consist of Descriptive analysis, Inferential analysis, Correlation, and Multiple linear regression. The findings from this study will also provide some useful information of leadership style in oil sector in Libya to many researchers and managers with the opportunity to gain and enhance their knowledge in this field, and will be contribute building knowledge and an understanding in this field in National Oil Corporation in Libya insha Allah. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Libya is a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and holds the largest proven oil reserves in Africa. Libya has attracted hydrocarbon exploration since 1956, when the first wildcat oil well was drilled onshore in the Sirte Basin. Libya granted multiple concessions to Esso, Mobil, Texas Gulf, and others, resulting in major oil discoveries by 1959. The government dominates Libyas economy through control of oil resources, which account for approximately 95% of export earnings, 75% of government receipts, and over 50% of GDP. The National Oil Corporation was established in 1970. It dominates Libyas oil industry, along with a number of smaller subsidiaries, which combined account for around half of the countrys oil output. Figure 1.1the map of Libya describes Gas Pipeline, Oil Pipeline, Oil Field, Liquefied Gas Planet Oil Terminal (Oil Exporting harbor) and Petroleum refining which owned and controlled by National Oil Corporation in Libya. http://www.odysseydawn.com/libya-oil-map.jpg Figure 1.1: Map of Libya describes Gas Pipeline, Oil Pipeline, Oil Field, Liquefied Gas Planet Oil Terminal (Oil Exporting harbor) and Petroleum refining which owned and controlled by National Oil Corporation in Libya. Source: http://www.google.com.my/images (8-4-2011) National Oil Corporation is carrying out exploration and production operations through its own affiliated companies, or in participation with other companies under service contracts or any other kind of petroleum investment agreements. This is in addition to marketing operations of oil and gas, locally and abroad. NOC has its own fully owned companies which carry out exploration, development and production operations, in addition to local and international marketing companies. NOC also has participation agreements with specialized international companies. Such agreements have developed into exploration and production sharing agreements, in accordance with the development of the international oil and gas industry, and international petroleum marketing. The National Oil Corporation of Libya (NOC) is a state-owned company that controls Libyas oil and gas production. The company is the biggest oil producer in Africa. Its mandate was to endeavor to promote the Libyan economy by undertakin g development, management and exploitation of oil resources as well as by participating in planning and executing the general oil policy of the state. The Brega Petroleum Marketing Company, a subsidiary of NOC, was set up to carry out the marketing activities of NOC, and the marketing assets of all the foreign oil companies were nationalized. A point of that during the past four decades, the impact of leadership styles on organizational performance has been a topic of interest among academics and practitioners working in the area of leadership (Darwish, 1998; Sadler, 2003; Rowe et al., 2005; Gadot,2007; Yiing, and Zaman Ahmad, 2009). The researcher would like to examine how leadership style influences organization performance in Libya in (NOC). Rowe et al (2005) pointed out that the most prominent reason for this interest is the widespread belief that leadership can affect organizations performance (Jing and Avery, 2008). In addition, the creation of a state-owned oil company allowed Libya to follow in the footsteps of other oil-producing economies, where control of such a revenue-generating resource lay with the government. Soon after its establishment, NOC signed a joint venture agreement with the U.S. Occidental Petroleum involving production-sharing. In 1971, NOC arranged a processing deal with Sincat of Italy for refining oil products for domestic consumption, thereby providing a cheap supply of oil for internal Libyan consumption. A joint drilling company was formed with Saipem, a subsidiary of the Italian ENI, in early 1972. By April 1974, production-sharing agreements had been reached with Exxon, Mobil, Compagnie Franà §aise des Pà ©troles, Elf Aquitaine, and Agip. By using the surplus funds and technical expertise of the foreign oil companies, the problem of stimulating investment in exploration was resolved. In 1980, the Libyan Arabian Gulf Oil Company (Agoco) was established by NOC throug h the amalgamation of the Arabian Gulf Exploration Company, Umm-al-Jawabi Oil Company, and direct NOC exploration and production interests. NOC continued to make production-sharing agreements. In 2004, NOCs estimated crude oil output was 1.623 million barrels per day. The company hoped to raise its production to two million barrels per day by 2007. Figure 1.2 below shows the revenue of National Oil Corporation in Libya from (1999 to 2009). Figure 1.2: Libyas Oil Production (1999-2009) in million barrels per day Source: British Petroleum, BP Statistical Review of World Energy June (2010) This study set out to investigate whether there is an interrelation between transformational leadership style and organizational culture, and the effect of organizational culture on the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational commitment and job satisfaction in the National Oil Corporation in Libya. In particular, our knowledge would benefit from an understanding of how leadership and organizational culture affect job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The study examines Libya National Oil Corporation in relation to leadership style in the organization. Thus, the study also would like to explore an organizational culture of the National Oil Corporation and finally how does leadership style in particular transformational leadership style may influence the National Oil Corporation progresses. The subject of leadership is interesting for many researchers. In addition, the continued search for good leaders has resulted in the development of many leadership theories (Mosadegh and Yarmohammadian, 2006). According to Oluseyi and Ayo (2009) Leadership is a central feature of organizational performance. This is an essential part of management activities of people and directing their efforts towards the goals and objectives of the organization. There must be an appropriate form of behavior to enhance performance. Leadership might be viewed in terms of the role of the leaders and their ability to achieve effective performance from others. In recent years, leadership has been studied in various ways, depending on the researchers methodological preferences and definition of leadership (Chen, 2002; Reuvers, et al., 2008; Gadot, 2007). Oluseyi and Ayo (2009) defined Leadership as the moral and intellectual ability to visualize and work for what is best for the company and its employees. Good management and effective leadership help to develop team work and the integration of individual and group goals. On the other hand, Kenny and Zaccaro (1983) suggested that leaders to be successful need a behavioral repertoire and the ability to select the right role for the situation. To do this, leaders need both cognitive and behavioral complexity and flexibility a leader needs the ability to perceive the needs and goals of a constituency and the ability to adjust ones personal approach to group action (Leban and Zulauf 2004). Therefore, Mosadeghrad et al (2006) pointed out that while there are several styles of leadership such as: autocratic, bureaucratic, laissez-faire, charismatic, democratic, participative, situational, transactional, and transformational leadership. Not everyone agrees that a particular style of leadership will result in the most effective form of organizational behavior. Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach. No one leadership style is ideal for every situation, since a leader may have knowledge and skills to act effectively in one situation but may not emerge as effectively in a different situation. In contrast, Darwish (1998) pointed out that there is wide disagreement among scholars with regard to effective leadership style. For instance, Brozik (1994) argues that no one type of leadership style is the best in all situations. The leader, subordinates and the environment or the task determine the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of each style Kur (1995) believes that effectiveness in leading is directly related to the leaders way of thinking about him, subordinates, organization and environment. Likert (1977) argue that the participative style is more productive in any culture. In the last three decades many scholars had received increasing attention to two new paradigms called transformational leadership and transactional leadership where the interests of the study are. It added a new dimension to organizational studies, namely the visionary aspect of leadership and the emotional involvement of employees within an organization. The basic notion is that a visionary leader can create an impression that he has high competence and a vision to achieve success (Jing and Avery, 2008). According to Bass (1985) developed a theory of visionary or transformational leadership whereby the leader inspires and activates subordinates to perform beyond normal expectations (Jing and Avery, 2008). The study would like to examine this in National Oil Corporation in Libya. On other hand, Lowe et al., (1996) pointed out that there are four dimensions of transformational leadership style such as: Idealized influence or charisma, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. (Bass et al., 2003; Piccolo and Colquitt, 2006), defined these dimensions for transformational leadership as follows: a. Idealized influence or Charisma is the degree to which leaders behave in such a charismatic way that followers identify with them. b. Inspirational motivation is the degree to which leaders articulate visions for the future that appeal to followers. c. Intellectual stimulation is the degree to which leaders challenge assumptions, take risks, and solicit followers ideas. d. Individualized consideration is the degree to which leaders attend to followers needs, act as mentors or coaches, and listen to followers concerns. Bass, (1985), Burns (1978) Leadership is considered a factor that has a major influence on the performance of organizations, managers and employees. More recently, researchers have focused mainly on the subordinates perspective and proposed two main facets of leadership transactional and transformational. This theory suggests that transformational leadership, more than transactional leadership, has a stronger positive effect on employees attitudes towards their job, their job environment, and ultimately affects their work performance. Oluseyi and Ayo (2009) pointed out that leadership is a central feature of organizational performance. This is an essential part of management activities of people and directing their efforts towards the goals and objectives of the organization. There must be an appropriate form of behavior to enhance performance. Leadership might be viewed in terms of the role of the leaders and their ability to achieve effective performance from others. On the other hand, Xenikou and Simosi (2006) suggested that organizational culture and transformational leadership have been theoretically and empirically linked to organizational effectiveness. During the 1990s a number of comparative studies on the culture-performance link showed that certain culture orientations are conducive to performance. Lok and Crawford (2004) pointed out that organizational culture can influence how people set personal and professional goals, perform tasks and administer resources to achieve them. Organizational culture affects the way in which people consciously and subconsciously think make decisions and ultimately the way in which they perceive. While other researchers has suggested that organizational culture can exert considerable influence in organizations particularly in areas such as performance and commitment. Bass (1985) said that transformational leaders frequently change their organizations culture with a new vision and revision of its shared assumptions values and norms. In a transformational culture, there is generally a sense of purpose and a feeling of family. Superiors feel a personal obligation to help new members assimilate into the culture. Assumptions, norms, and values do not preclude individuals from pursuing their own goals and rewards. In addition, Bass (1985) mentioned that transformational qualities lead to performance beyond expectations in organizational settings. A study of Ogbonna and Harris (2000) organizational culture and leadership finds that the two areas have been independently linked to organizational performance. A little critical research attention has been devoted to understand the links between the leadership and culture also and the impact that such an association might have on organizational performance (Ogbonna and Harris, 2000). Organizational commitment is an important employee attribute from the organizations perspective. Several studies have found relationships between high-commitment human resource policies and positive organizational outcomes such as productivity, quality, and profitability (Perryer and Jordan 2005). Organizational commitment has been studied in relation to employee performance there is still considerable controversy surrounding the precise nature of the relationship. While there is some evidence to suggest that organizational commitment is a mediating variable between leadership and performance. Consequently, studies that examine the complex relationships and interaction between these variables will be of value to management theorists and practitioners. Lok and Crawford (2004) said that organizational commitment and job satisfaction have received significant attention in studies of the work place. This is due to the general recognition that these variables can be the major determinants of organizational performance and effectiveness. A numerous of studies in the area of job satisfaction and organizational commitment have been asserted that leadership and organizational culture have significant impact on both job satisfaction and organizational commitment (Chen and Francesco, 2000; Mathieu and Zajac, 1990; Williams and Hazer, 1986). Lok and Crawford (2004) had the same result in his research which has been done to make comparative between Hong Kong and Australian managers the result confirms that organizational culture and leadership styles are important organizational antecedents of job satisfaction and commitment. However, the influence of national culture on leadership styles, organizational culture and their subsequent effects on employees job satisfaction and organizational commitment were not explored intensively enough in National Oil Corporation in Libya. To choose National Oil Corporation in Libya for the current study because Libya is a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). It holds the largest proven oil reserves in Africa which make it as one of the most important oil-producing countries in Africa and in the world. Therefore, petroleum sector in Libya is very important sector which is like the backbone of Libyan economy. In this context, National Oil Corporation of Libya (NOC) is a state-owned company that controls Libyas oil and gas production. The company is the biggest oil producer in Africa. Its mandate was to endeavor to promote the Libyan economy by undertaking development, management and exploitation of oil resources as well as by participating in planning and executing the general oil policy of the state. In additionally, the study expected to offer some useful information of leadership style in National Oil Corporation in Libya, and hopes that this useful information can help to contribute building knowledge and an understanding in this filed in National Oil Corporation in Libya. 1.2 Purpose of Research Study The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between transformational leadership, organizational culture, with job satisfaction and organizational commitment in National Oil Corporation in Libya. Cameron and Quinn (1999) pointed out that numerous studies report the most frequent reason given for the failure of planned organizational change was due to a neglect of the organizational culture. According to Schneider (2000) Organizational culture is a key to organizational success, and effective leadership is the means by which the culture is created and managed. Understanding organizational culture is an important activity for managers because it affects strategic development, productivity and learning at all levels of management (Twati and Gammack, 2006). The relationship between transformational leadership style and organizational culture was examined by some researchers such as Xenikou and Simosi (2006), who asserted in his study that organizational culture had direct impact on organization performance while transformational leadership had indirect positive influence on performance through its impact achievement orientation. This study showed that organizational culture mediates the effect of transformational leadership on performance. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to accept or reject the suppositions that there is a relationship between transformational leadership style organizational culture with job satisfaction and organization commitment in National Oil Corporation in Libya. Therefore, Yiing and Bin Ahmad (2009) pointed out that leaders behaviors have positive and significant relationship with organizational commitment. On the other hand, cultures have significant moderating effects on the relationship between leadership behaviors and organizational commitment. However, the main academic purpose of this study is to make a contribution in leadership field behaviors on culture and on organization behavior in the petroleum sector in Libya. 1.3 Problem Statement The oil sector is the most important sector in Libya. Libya is one of the most important oil-producing countries in Africa and in the world and that the interest in this sector is very important. Therefore, this sector needs professionals leaders who can achieve all the goals of both employees and organization. An organization short on capital can borrow money, and one with a poor location can move. But an organization short on leadership has little chance for survival (Darwish, 1998). A set of characteristics that help leaders to achieve the plans, programs, policies and strategy that have been developed and the advancement of their respective organizations. The most important of these characteristics experience, decision-making, knowledge and to deal with the environmental variables that may occur both within and outside the organization. The weakness of these skills and characteristics makes it difficult for leaders to carry out its functions and achieve organizations goals. Therefore, Chen (2002) found that transformational leadership behaviors have a slightly positive relationship with organizational commitment. While Harris and Mossholder (1996), pointed out that organizational culture stands as the center from which all other factors of human resource management derive. It is believed to influence individuals attitudes concerning outcomes, such as commitment, motivation, morale, and satisfaction. In addition, Bass (1985) have mentioned that demonstrates the relationship between leadership and culture by examining the impact of different styles of leadership on culture. He argues that transformational leaders frequently work towards changing the organizational culture in line with their vision. Similarly, Brown (1992) observes that good leaders need to develop the skills that enable them to alter aspects of their culture in order to improve their organizational performance. The leaders of National Oil Corporation have to know that organizational culture, organization commitment and job satisfaction are very important factors can help them to achieve the goals of the organization, and these variables enhance organization performance. In short, and based to what has been mentioned above, this study is trying to clarify the relationship between transformational leadership style organizational culture with job satisfaction and organizational commitment in National Oil Corporation in Libya. Which the researcher believes it does not exist in Libya National Oil Corporation. Specifically, the relationship between transformational leadership style organizational culture with job satisfaction and organizational commitment and how organizational culture effect the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational commitment and job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. The research questions are as follows: 1. Is there any relationship between transformational leadership style organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) in National Oil Corporation in Libya? 2. Is there any relationship between transformational leadership style job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya? 3. Is there any relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocracy) in National Oil Corporation in Libya? 4. Does Organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocracy) have any effect on the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) in National Oil Corporation in Libya? 5. Does Organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocracy) have any effect on the relationship between transformational leadership style with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya? 6. Is there any relationship between organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya? 1.4 Focus and Research Objectives The overall objective of this study is to examine the role of leadership style in the National Oil Corporation in Libya. The specific objective in this study is to clarify the relationship between transformational leadership style with job satisfaction and organizational commitment while organizational culture is the mediate variable in the National Oil Corporation in Libya. The study expected to offer some useful information of leadership style in oil sector in Libya, and hopes that this useful information can help to contribute building knowledge and an understanding in this filed in National Oil Corporation in Libya. The breakdown of these objectives yields the following specific objectives: 1. To determine the nature of the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) in National Oil Corporation in Libya. 2. To determine the nature of the relationship between transformational leadership style with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. 3. To determine the nature of the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocracy) in National Oil Corporation in Libya. 4. To determine the effect of organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocracy) on the relationship between transformational leadership style with organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) in National Oil Corporation in Libya. 5. To determine the effect of organizational culture (Clan, Market, hierarchy and adhocracy) on the relationship between transformational leadership style with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. 6. To determine the nature of the relationship between organizational commitment (affective, normative and continuance) with job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. 1.5 Rationale of Study Previous studies have examined the link between leadership paradigms and behaviors and have shown a positive relationship, none has explained the nature of this connection, and therefore, how and why leadership affects performance. Future research needs to address this deficiency. In sum, based on the above discussion, there are many problems and gaps in existing studies of the leadership performance relationship that need to be addressed before a clear picture of this relationship can be drawn (Jing and Avery, 2008). Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between transformational leadership, organizational culture with job satisfaction and organizational commitment in the Notional Oil Corporation in Libya. Therefore, the topic of leadership is very important to the organization performance and the entire petroleum sector. Leaders can set the direction of the organization and it is very significance issue can lead the organization to achieve their goals. To do this study in the Notional Oil Corporation in Libya because Libya is the one of the (OPEC) organization and this sector is very important which is like the backbone of Libyan economy. Therefore, organization culture influences organization performance and also the employees. Organization culture influence perceptions of employees towards investors of technology transfer. Additionally, try to add useful information to improve our knowledge for this field in Libya. 1.6 Significance of Study This study is important for several reasons, to make a positive view of transformational leadership style in the National Oil Corporation in Libya. To clarify the problems and barriers encountered in application of transformational leadership style programs in the National Oil Corporation in Libya in the context to the case included in this study. In addition, to clarify the role of leadership to improve organization performance in the National Oil Corporation in Libya and to what extent this leadership succeeded to achieve organizations goals. On the other hand, this study is an attempt to participate in and contribute to research resulting in knowledge increases. Assist scholars, and other researches in leadership field. The researcher achieved that the leadership style and organizational culture play a significant role to effect organizational commitment and job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. In particular, how transformational leadership style and organizational culture can impact organizational commitment and job satisfaction in National Oil Corporation in Libya. Finally, the researcher achieved the nature of the relationship between all these concepts such as transformational leadership style, organizational culture, job satisfaction and organizational commitment in National Oil Corporation in Libya. 1.7 Definition of Terms 1.7.1 Leadership Leadership, like most other concepts in social sciences, has no single or unique definition. It has been defined differently by different authors. Leadership is defined as the process of influencing employees to work toward the achievement of objectives. While others defined leadership as a management function, which is mostly directed towards people and social interaction, as well as the process of influencing people so that they will achieve the goals of the organization. 1.7.2 Leadership Style Leadership style is the way to understand why leaders, faced with seemingly identical situations, use such different decision processes. Leadership style can be viewed as a series of managerial attitudes, behaviors, characteristics and skills based on individual and organizational values, leadership interests and reliability of employees in different situations. In the other meaning, it is the ability of a leader to influence subordinates to performing at their highest capability. 1.7.3 Transformational leadership Transformational leadership is grooms followers into future leaders by giving them freedom to control their behavior, elevates followers concerns from physical to psychological needs

Digital Art and its Market :: Technology Essays

Digital Art and its Market missing works cited The future of digital art promises many new alternatives to traditional artwork. Digital art offers a whole new perspective on the way people see and perceive art. For this reason, people across the globe have varying opinions on whether or not digital art should be accepted into society. This technological based art allows people to express themselves through art created using a computer. People who can’t draw traditionally can turn to digital art as a way to convey their inner thoughts and feelings. Likewise, more advanced artist can sell their extremely realistic pieces from hundreds to thousands of dollars each. New and exciting advances are coming about when it comes to displaying digital art, and this may strengthen its market it the long run. Digital art although extremely controversial, provides a new way of expression and allows for a whole new market to evolve. The value of digital art pieces is steadily increasing throughout the years. In 1998 the value of the digital fine art prints reached over 170 million dollars, and by 2003 the number was predicting to be at 249 million (Williams). This figure is only based on work produced by artists, and there are many at amateur levels creating art at home. This is a huge amount of money that is being invested into this new form of art. Digital art is still at its early years, and like a young child it still will mature more and more. Digital Art still remains experimental too in many ways. It’s taught in art schools, but no one really has a firm grasp of what it actually is (qtd. in Jesdanun). As long as technology plays a stronger role in our lives, artists will continue to use it to help them come up with new ideas for their artwork. Golan Levin, a man who works artistically with computers often says that â€Å"The computer is just as much a medium of art,† contrary to those who believe the computer is not. It may not be panting, carving or sculpting the old-fashioned way, but it takes just as much knowledge and intelligence to be able to work with the computer to create a finished product. Artists have been exploring digital art since the 1960s, but only in the past few years has it become widely practical because of better technology and prices (qtd.

Brian Moore – the Donegal connection

Belfast-born Brian Moore left Ireland a young man, and spent more than fifty years In Canada and the US. However, as Martin McKinley found out (belatedly he had strong links with Dongle. The great Brian Moore and the Dongle connection So I mention to Muriel that I'm doing an article about Brian Moore, the writer, and she says, â€Å"His mother was from Dongle, wasn't she? † It seems that the world has been aware for some time that the man regarded as one of the great Irish novelists had Dongle connections and, even better, Courthouse connections.If only I'd known that when I saw him read in a lecture theatre in Queen's university in Belfast, more than ten years ago. I could have asked him something original, like about the influence of Courthouse on his work. Instead, I asked him if he'd thought about coming back to live in Belfast. I mean, the man lived in Malibu at the time. He died there In January, 1 999, which was a shame for people like myself who waited for his new nove l every two years or so. It was hard to believe there would never be another Brian Moore book. But he had a long publishing career.His first novel, ‘The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearse', from 1955, Is probably still the one he's best known for. Four others were also made into films – The Luck of Ginger Coffey, ‘Catholics', ‘Cold Heaven' and ‘Black Robe'. He won many literary prizes, and was shortlist three times for the Booker Prize. He also worked with Alfred Hitchcock, writing the screenplay for Torn Curtain', starring Paul Newman and Julie Andrews. It's not really regarded as a classic, but Brian liked to take the credit for a particularly drawn-out – and famous – murder scene.He told Hitchcock he had learned from his father, a actor, that â€Å"people didn't always die as quickly as they did in movies. † Hitchcock took him at his word. Dentally Lodge The story of Brian Moor's Dongle connection begins back in another age, 1889, when his mother Eileen McFadden was born outside Courthouse, apparently in the download of Clashes. Her parents were Pat and Grace (nee McGee). She was among the youngest of a large family, and grew up in the family home in Dentally, a little way along the Courthouse to Carrier road.The McFadden were quite a notable family. Linen's grandfather Edward had a corn mill at Dentally. His brother was FRR Hugh McFadden UP Challenge, who died in 1868. He was the priest who accompanied some of those evicted in Terry. ‘each to Dublin on the first leg of their dinner arranged for them in a Dublin hotel. Linen's father Pat had two brothers who also became parish priests in the Arapaho diocese – Dean Hugh McFadden, UP Dongle and Vicar General, who died in 1908, and Archdeacon James, UP Challenge, who was known as ‘James of Glenda'.Eileen Moore attended Loretta Convent in Lettermen. She would have been fifteen when her father Pat died in 1905. As was fairly common in those days , she spent some time living with a relative, n her case Dean Hugh McFadden. It seems that he left her some money when he died and she used this to fund her nurse's training in Belfast. FRR John Silks, the well- known historian and diocesan archivist, recalls his mother Susan (nee McKinley from Boomer in Courthouse) telling of three girls from the parish who went to Belfast and all â€Å"married well†.One of them was Eileen McFadden. In 1915, when she was 25, she married a doctor more than twenty years her senior, James B. Moore, a Bellman man who worked in the Mater Hospital. In the next 12 years she had nine children, with Brian coming in number four on 25th August, 1921. The family lived in no 11 Clifton Street in North Belfast until they were bombed out of the house by the Germans in the Second World War. The house was eventually demolished in 1995, in spite of a campaign to save it because of its associations with Brian Moore.Briar's father also came from a strong Cathol ic background, if it was a bit more unusual than most. James Bi's father, James B. Senior, was a Presbyterian law clerk in Bellman who decided to become a Catholic even before he got married to one, Eleanor O'Hare. Their house was stoned every year on the Twelfth. It seems James B. Enron brought up his family with the zeal of a convert. All in all, it seems hardly surprising that Brian Moore spent a good part of his writing career exploring the whole idea of Catholicism, religion and the question of the afterlife.Holidays in Courthouse Growing up in the ass and ass, Brian spent quite a bit of time on holiday around Dentally and Courthouse. His sister Nun Maguire, who lives in Alular, says he had very fond memories of it. He stayed in Dentally with his mother's brother Jim Pat and his wife Martha. Patricia Craig writes – â€Å"The farmhouse was called Dentally and stood above a glen; it contained a stone-floored kitchen with huge iron cooking-pot; it was pervaded by the punge nt smell of turf-smoke, and not far away was the fifteenth- century Doe Castle, an enticing ruin in those days . † Brian himself wrote – â€Å"l seemed to be in an older Ireland, a place where life was elemental and harsh, yet close to a reality which was timeless and true. I would see a pig slaughtered, its blood running in rivulets in the yard outside the kitchen door. I would see a stallion mount a mare, its hooves scraping at the barrel of her rib-cage †¦ I would be butted by allow-eyed goats, kicked by donkeys when I tried to climb on their backs. I would see people drink tea, not from teacups as in Belfast, but from large china bowls I nth eighteenth-century manner.I would sit by the hob of the kitchen turf fire watching as floury potatoes were doled out to the men coming in from the fields for their noonday dinner . I would see long white clay pipes and plugs of tobacco laid out near Jugs Jim McFadden, a grandson of Linen's brother Jim Pat, is one of the ol der McFadden, and has a well-known shop in Strange. He doesn't really remember Brian at Dentally, but does recall the McFadden getting ready for the Mores' visits a few times. â€Å"One thing I do remember – Dry Moore smoked cigars.It was a very unusual thing for me to see anybody smoking cigars in those days. † Jim thought that the Mores didn't really feel at home in Dentally. â€Å"It wasn't really what they were used to, although the house was a lot better than most of us had at the time. † It may have been the profits from the McFadden cornmeal which helped the family build Dentally well over a hundred years ago. It was regarded as one of the finest houses in the rear, certainly a cut above the ordinary with its sitting room, bedrooms and an outside toilet.Michael McFadden, who lives in the modern Dentally now with his wife Caroline and their children Bobbie (12), Doran (6) and Michael (5), says wedding receptions used to be held in the sitting room. A coupl e recently returned to mark their golden wedding anniversary by getting their photograph taken in front of the marble fireplace. However, as Brian Moore recalled it in an article in 1980, Courthouse was still a big change from city life – â€Å"Dongle is an extremely wild and rocky-looking place in the west of Ireland. I used to go there when I was a boy, to a farm owned by a poor Irish subsistence farmer.I would move from our middle-class world to an absolutely peasant environment. † Loved the country Jim recalls him going to a farm belonging to an uncle-in-laws brother around Darwinian to help out during the summer. â€Å"l don't think he liked it very well – I think he said they cut the bread too thick! † But Brian Moor's sister Nun Maguire says he had very fond memories of Dentally. â€Å"He loved the country. Going there on his holidays as a child gave him a great sense of freedom. We grew up in a four storey house in Belfast, but we had no garden. The freedom in Dongle appealed very much to him.He could wander about in a way that we wouldn't be allowed to in the city. † Brian Moore left Belfast a young man and traveled around theatres of the Second World War as a civilian working with the British Ministry of War Transport. He lived for eleven years in Canada and became a Canadian citizen. He moved to the United States in 1959, and it was his base for forty years. His writing career began with a series of detective potboilers under various names, which he reckoned sold about 800,000 copies. ‘Judith Hearse' was his first ‘serious' novel in 1955. An early ‘review in the summer of that year came in a letter from his mother.She said about some of the more explicit bits – muff certainly left nothing to the imagination, and my advice to you in your next book leave out parts like this. You have a good imagination and could write books anyone could read. † She added, â€Å"l am glad to find you we re kind to the Church and clergy. † The book was later banned in the Republic. In 1995 Brian and his wife Jean built a house in Nova Scotia, on the coast. He said at the time – â€Å"It's beautiful. It looks out on a bay that looks Just like Dongle. It's very wild He was quite a regular visitor to Ireland over the years, but recognition came fairly late here.This was the man who went into a Dublin bookshop at one point and asked if they'd anything by an Irish novelist Brian Moore. He was told no, but they did have one or two books by a Canadian novelist of the same name. It seems that Brian Moore didn't re-visit Dongle very often, although he and Jean stayed with Brian Fries and his wife at Mobile on at least one occasion. His brother Seam's, a doctor in Belfast who also died in recent years, did keep up contact with the Courthouse connection. Michael McFadden says that Briar's late sister Pebbling, who lived in Manchester, also visited in recent years.Final farewell B riar's final visit to Dentally came with Jean and his sister Nun, she thinks about twelve or so years ago. They visited Challenge Castle, and then went across to Courthouse and over to Dentally. Brian thought the house was â€Å"spruced up† a lot from how he remembered it. He knocked on the door, but there was no one in. Brian went across the road and spent a while looking over the bridge at the spectacular gorge with its trees and fast-flowing water, as he'd done in his childhood. â€Å"He had ere, very happy times there,† Nun said.Both Brian and Jean loved the west coast, and on one of their tours came across a tiny graveyard in Connector. Brian was surprised to find in this beautiful spot the grave of Bubble Hobnobs, a Belfast Quaker, one-time vice-president of Sin Feint, and a good friend of his father and his uncle Neon O'Neill. Later when Brian and Jean talked of where their ashes would end up, they both wrote their choice separately on a piece of paper. The piec es said the same thing – the Connector graveyard. It seems that Brian Moor's remains will finally return to the west of Ireland, which he came to know as a boy.

Sewing Machines Believed to Contain Red Mercury

Sewing Machines Believed to Contain Red Mercury Do you have an old Singer sewing machine? If so, it may be worth $50,000. BBC is reporting on a sewing machine hoax in Saudia Arabia in which people are rushing to buy old Singer sewing machines based on the belief that they might contain red mercury. No one knows for sure where the rumor started, much less the more curious rumor that you can hold your mobile phone up to a sewing machine to somehow detect the presence of red mercury. The story goes you will lose your signal if you hold your phone up to the needle of a sewing machine that contains red mercury. What Is Red Mercury? Its a fabled substance that might be used to produce nuclear weapons, ward off evil spirits, or help you find treasure, depending on who you ask. There is no real proof that red mercury exists, except perhaps as cinnabar or vermillion (HgS) or mercury(II) iodide, either of which you can purchase sans sewing machine for a much lower price. Still, if you have your old Singer up for auction at eBay, it might fetch a higher price than you were expecting. If youre considering buying an old Singer, save your pennies until after the scam has run its course.

Tuscaloosa County School District Emergency Operations Plan in Alabama

Tuscaloosa County School District Emergency Operations Plan in Alabama The Current State Of Affairs Regarding the Fourth Phase of the Tuscaloosa County School District Emergency Operations Plan in Alabama Student/parent information guide for Tuscaloosa county schools This student/parent guide by Hinton (2010) depicts that the Tuscaloosa county school district has laid down some systems that are already working. These include:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tuscaloosa County School District Emergency Operations Plan in Alabama specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Parent involvement policy: The school has incorporated a parent-involvement policy that accommodates parents as ‘full partners’ in all decisions made affecting their children and availing community resources aimed at boosting school programs, accommodating family practices, as well as enhancing the students’ well being. Insurance program; The school has an effective insurance program in place that is mandatory f or all students. The insurance covers are affordable and cater for all accidental injuries sustained in the premises, including those inflicted during athletics. Crisis management plan;- the school is assisted by community agencies, for instance the Sheriff’s department, The emergency Management agency, among others to manage any perceived or real crises and to minimize any resultant adverse effects. Fire drills are conducted monthly within the school, with exit plans vividly displayed in all student-occupied rooms Tornado drills are also held almost quarterly, and in compliance with the Management Agency guidelines. A thunderstorm watch and warning guidelines are adhered to in accordance with the approved Emergency Management PlanAdvertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Criminal penalties; The school has effectively laid down rules and regulation to handle errant behavior li ke vandalism, possession of drugs, possession of illegal arms etc. This in essence lays down violence prevention strategies at the school. Address of ‘Severe Weather information frequently asked questions’ Hinton (2011) showcases some ‘Frequently asked questions’ on severe weather. This is another system set up by the school that is working. Its aim is to answer queries by concerned people on its preparedness for disasters attributed to adverse climatically changes. The school clarifies that it does not rely solely on TV for updates on changing weather but has other resources; and to prepare for the changes , its Central Office personnel keenly follow the weather forecasts which is broadcast via ‘Emergency Alert Radio System, NOAA Radio’ and even through text messages several days beforehand. On occasions of severe whether (the actual days), updates are received via ‘Southern Linc. communications, media and storm spotters.’ On such days, any public transport is warned as such via ‘VHF two-way radio.’ Areas needing improvement In my opinion, insurance policies should be spread to cover damage of student property caused by tornadoes, fires and other natural hazards; it is also important to put up constructions, preferably underground which cannot easily be damaged by natural disasters. I am also convinced that the school can go a long way offering fire and tornado drills beyond the schools to include neighboring communities who in most cases are also affected. Intensive training on the crisis management plan should also be all inclusive, that is the parents, students and communities too should be enlightened on this. Emergency plans goes way beyond weather changes to include violence in schools, as such sensitization should be done to all concerned to safeguard against crime and violence, and instead ethical and moral behavior should be taught and encouraged.Advertising We will write a cust om essay sample on Tuscaloosa County School District Emergency Operations Plan in Alabama specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Hinton J.R. (2010).Tuscaloosa county school system: Severe weather information. Retrieved from www.tcss.net/Default.asp?PN=FAQSL=1. Hinton J.R. (2011). Student/ parent information guide for Tuscaloosa county schools. Retrieved from images.schoolinsites.com/SiSFiles/Schools/AL/Tuscaloosa