Why Prostitution Is Wrong - 1156 Words

In â€Å"Markets in Women s Sexual Labor† Debra Satz lays out an argument for an â€Å"egalitarian approach† to deciding why prostitution is wrong and whether or not that means it should be illegal (Satz, 1995). Satz accepts that prostitution is wrong from the start but she seeks a good explanation for why. She decides that prostitution is wrong because the practice of women selling their sexual services to men perpetuates gender inequality. If we accept that prostitution is wrong then we should look for a good argument to explain why that is so. Many people feel that it is wrong in that there are some things humans can do that should not be put on the open market. This is the asymmetry thesis, which says that selling sex and reproductive services on the market is more wrong than selling other services. In order to make this thesis credible, however, it needs to say why sex and reproduction are singled out as unacceptable. What is it that is common to all prostitution (which varies considerably) that makes it wrong? Satz presents three arguments that could answer this question. First, the economic approach. This argument says that prostitution is wrong if its social costs outweigh its social benefits. It agrees with the asymmetry thesis if it is a given that the costs of prostitution are higher than the costs of other services on the market. These costs as she lists them are spread of diseases, guilt, financial waste, and damage to â€Å"moralisms.† Satz objects to this approachShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Truth about Prostitution876 Words   |  4 PagesThe Truth about Prostitution Prostitution is a major problem in the United States today. The way we treat these victims as criminals is simply unacceptable. Found in â€Å"Business Insider† a study of San Francisco prostitutes showed that as many as 68% of them have been raped and an astounding 82% had been assaulted. Also found on Business insider is a study conducted on the prostitutes in Colorado Springs which showed that prostitutes are 18X more likely to end up murder victims than those who do notRead MoreProstitution Is The Practice Of Performing Sexual Activity1625 Words   |  7 Pages Prostitution is the practice of performing sexual activity to get paid. This practice has existed for centuries and yet the question remains – is prostitution moral? It is because prostitution involves selling something very personal to earn money. Many people think that prostitution encourages slavery for women and selling body in return for money is very wrong while others think that prostitution is just like any other service so there is nothing immoral about it. In this paper, I will argue thatRead MoreFreedom of Women to Be Prostitutes Essay1440 Words   |  6 PagesFor centuries, women have been selling their bodies, in most cases prostitution, but it is not world’s oldest profession. Nevertheless, for as long as history states, prostitution has been around for as long as the oldest professions in the world. Every aspect of history asserts even the slightest things about prostitution existing. Prostitution has been a long-term profession through out several decad es, whether it varies from being an adult star, escort, prostitute, a stripper etc†¦ As long as theyRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal1695 Words   |  7 Pagesthat prostitution will exist no matter what because men will always degrade women, and women, in turn, can do the same to men, even though these moral aspects are not connected with the legalization process, mostly depending on moral qualities of the society members, and not on a position on prostitution. Thus, the essay will try to prove why prostitution should not be legal with the help of analysis of the articles of the well-known scientists. While feminist theory represents prostitution as aRead MoreWhy Some Things Should Not Be For Sale855 Words   |  4 PagesProstitution is sometimes referred to as â€Å"the world’s oldest profession,† with the first record of its practice dates back to Ancient Near East civilizations. Despite its age-old existence, not until relatively recently that researches and studies have been conducted in an attempt to obtain a better understanding of and more liberal perspective on a taboo widely perceived as too degrading and immoral to even talk about. When writing about commercial sex in her book â€Å"Why Some Things Should Not BeRead MoreNegative Effects Of Prostitution1376 Words   |  6 Pagesand think and understand the reason being why have they chosen this life and how it affects them. I wanted to do a research to see what I can find on if prostitution was to be legal will it affect them socioeconomically, but in a positive way rather than negative. Even though prostitution seems to be a big deal in the 21st century, little do society knows prostitution has been here for many centuries. A little history about prostitution is that it’s been around so far as 2400 BCRead MoreWhat is Prostitution?1838 Words   |  7 Pages According to the 2014 Merriam-Webster dictionary, prostitution is defined as â€Å"the act of having sex in exchange for money† (â€Å"Prostitution†). In the United States, the trafficking of sex sales has been illegal since the early 1900’s, with the exception of the 49th state, Alaska (Head). The trade was deemed unethical by the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, also credited with the ban of drug use and the elimination of alcohol in the 1920’s. Today, in all but two states, the buying and selling ofRead MoreProstitution Is Not Morally Permissible1433 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution is the act of engaging in sexual activity for financial gain. It is described as o ne of the oldest profession and one of the most controversial issues in the modern society. In the ancient world, prostitution was allowed as part of religious traditions in some cultures such as Greek where prostitutes were dedicated to gods. Today prostitution has become more open, and some countries such as Bulgaria and Netherlands have legalized the practice. In the recent past, ethics of prostitutionRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Abolished?1174 Words   |  5 PagesProstitution. Streetwalking. The sex trade. The sex industry. Whoring. Hooking. Et Cetera. The exchange of sexual activities for money. Prostitution is probably one of, if not the oldest taboos in our culture, and for good reason. Often times, prostitution is monitored in places called brothels, meeting places for finding prostitutes and sex in general. This scandalous practice is currently legal in many parts of the world, i.e. Germany, most of South America, Spain, Australia, Canada, France, ItalyRead MoreProsti tution Between Canada And Canada1712 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution in Canada: Changes in Legislation Due to the fairly recent changes regarding the legality of prostitution in Canada, individuals who use and provide these services have been cautious (Warnica, 2015). Unfortunately, new laws may create more problems than benefits, such as, financial problems due to fewer people buying sex because it is illegal to do so. In this paper, I will explicate and assess the new changes to the law regarding prostitution in Canada, arguing that prostitution should

Women’s rights in the late 1800’s - 1100 Words

Women’s rights in the late 1800’s A Doll House gives us a true insight into the roles for men and women during the late 1800’s. This is why the play has been said to be able to take place in any and all suburbs. At this point in history, the roles of gender were mainly consistent across the world. Men vs. women in economics, social status, gender rights, marriage and divorce, and occupation can best describe this. During the late 1800’s women had no economic rights once they were married. Honestly they had little before they were married as well. All of their property before marriage automatically became their husbands when they got married. All of their money, furniture, anything they had previously becomes their husbands the moment†¦show more content†¦The only time a woman has to make any of these decisions is either there husband let them or their husband died. Widowed women had rights to do some things a man could do because typically they because they had to provide as a man would for her family. Even then they are not treated the same as a man. It was a man economic world. Women’s social role during the late 1800’s was to take care of the children and the house. Women were like dolls and did not have any real thoughts of their own according to society. The women were supposed to be submissive to their dominate husbands. If the man’s status were a higher class then the women would have help in the form of house cleaner and servants. All she then had to do was be carefree. Women and men did not sit down and have conversations to work out any issues. Women were to idolize their husbands and be happy all the time. Women were possessions to men. Men were in search for a trophy wife someone they could take to parties and show off. This is shown by Torvald saying â€Å"Is that my little squirrel bustling around?† He refers to her as a squirrel she should not have a worry in the world he basically placates her. You can also tell this by the way Nora and Torvald discuss her not being able to eat macaroons. He is controlli ng and Nora is a piece of property. Torvald said â€Å"I wouldn’t be a man if this womanlyShow MoreRelatedThroughout History Women Have Had Different Roles, Most1750 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen conquered or dismissed and would never been studied in a patriarchal society. Although the late 1800’s was an exciting and revolutionary time for the United States, women were still subjugated to archaic mindsets. A few women of the late 1800’s started to break the mold and give further generations of women hope for equal rights and the start of a new idea â€Å"feminism† (Logan). Women of the late 1800’s were treated no more than property, breeding vessels, and toilers much unlike the more progressiveRead MoreThe Female Sex Hormone Estrogen1750 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen conquered or dismissed and would never be studied in a patriarchal society. Although the late 1800’s was an exciting and revolutionary time in the United States, women were still su bjugated to archaic mindsets. A few women of the late 1800’s started to break the mold and give further generations of women hope for equal rights and the start of a new idea â€Å"feminism† (Logan). Women of the late 1800’s were treated no more than property, breeding vessels, and toilers much unlike the more progressiveRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1263 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout hundreds of years, women have experienced inequalities by society and by the law. Mostly, women were treated differently from men. The women in America during the late 1800’s were treated unequally to men because they couldn’t vote, they had no job opportunities, and they were controlled in marriage. In the beginning, only men had the privilege to vote on any law that they desired which is a reason why women were treated unequally to men. Unlike women who didn’tRead MoreJane Austen’s Novel Pride and Prejudice Essay874 Words   |  4 Pagescoincidence that Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, coincides directly with the historical events of this time period. The most visible impact that is historically highlighted in Pride and Prejudice is the changing social landscape of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth-century England. The landed gentry, those who owned land, were the most influential division of society in Austen’s time. In cases of small land classes, the English encouraged the consolidation and extension of estatesRead MoreThe Roaring 20 s Era Of Growth And Reform1309 Words   |  6 PagesThe era of the 1920s, also known as the Roaring 20’s, was a revolutionary time in which radical changes struck the American nation, drastically increasing advances in society and economy. New and different forms of dance, music, clothing, behavior, and lifestyle were developed nationwide. The Antebellum Period in the late 1700s increased rebellion, similar to the Roaring 20’s era of growth and reform. As this time period brought profound changes, conflict, cultural excitement, and experimentationRead MoreWomen During The Late 1800s1003 Words   |  5 PagesWomen in the Late 1800s In the early 1800s, women were second-class citizens. Women were expected to restrict their area of interest to the home and the family. Women were not encouraged to have a real education or pursue a professional career. Also, women were considered unequal to their husbands and all males legally and socially. The day-to day lives of men and women were quite clearly divided during the late 1800s. Woman in the late 1800s were treated inhumane because of society, class, and theirRead MoreWomens Suffrage in the 1800’s-19th Century Essay1190 Words   |  5 Pagesan education, their voting rights, ownership of property, and being employed. As mentioned above, women’s role were unjust to the roles and freedoms of the men, so an advanced education for women was a strongly debated subject at the beginning of the nineteenth century (McElligott 1). The thought of a higher chance of education for women was looked down upon, in the early decades of the nineteenth century (The American Pageant 327). It was established that a women’s role took part inside the householdRead MoreWomen s Rights For Women1465 Words   |  6 Pages Women’s rights in America in late 1800’s women’s right to vote women in medicine and the equal rights for women are the 3 main points that were big in the 1800’s. Women’s rights to vote women couldn’t vote back in the late 1800’s. Women had to stay home and take care of the children, cook and clean the house and when their husbands get home take care of them too. Although women had to do all those things they were not paid equal for the things they did. Women were told it is not job to vote thatRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Education1174 Words   |  5 PagesWomen’s rights in education have improved greatly since the early 1800s — when girls only learned skills that society believed would make them good wives and would be ostracized for wanting more in their education. Today, more women than men attend and complete their collage degrees. In the early 1800s education was mainly for middle and upper class citizens in America, and was for boys. Even thought both classes were educated it was in very different ways. In the North if you were a part of anRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Gender Equality And Women1005 Words   |  5 PagesHistorically women have not been provided equal opportunities in competitive and collegiate sports. In the late 1800’s, social perception was that females were weak and although they were admired by men, they were treated like objects (Lumpkin, 2013). Competitive and collegiate sports were dominated by males, with little opportunity for women to participate. Females eagerly wanted to participate, however sports were perceived inappropriate which would put their femininity in question and put

Current Gun Control Laws Free Essays

Dear Mr.. Mayor, I write this memorandum with renewed consciousness and self-reflection. We will write a custom essay sample on Current Gun Control Laws or any similar topic only for you Order Now I write this in regards to the current gun control policies and regulations. In today’s society there are far too many mass shootings that innocently take people’s lives. These mass shootings are occurring in schools, movie theaters, shopping malls, compounds, public events, and at work. Numerous shootings have occurred in the past few years and the numbers continue to evolve. It is our responsibility as citizens to stand up and take charge of the matter. We can start this endeavor by enacting gun control. No one has the freedom to take another’s life from them and once a person has died not anyone can bring them back. In this memorandum I will be mainly focusing on school shootings. Catastrophes will always occur, however, we as citizens can make a meaningful difference In preventing these shootings from occurring by Implementing stricter gun control regulations. Perhaps by enforcing antigen policies will prevent a hill, a teenager, a young adult, an adult, or senior citizen from making one of the biggest mistake of their life. Guns have no place in schools and schools are supposed to be designed not only for education but as a safe environment for children (Information for Gun Control, 2014). Yes, the Second Amendment gives citizens of the United States the right to bear arms (genuine. Com, 2013). However, at the time that the Second Amendment was established I do not think that children were killing children by walking Into a school and that our fore fathers envisioned the airlessness of gun owners and their lack of â€Å"control† of their own weapons. Politicians today are heedlessly Jeopardizing those whose freedom and rights they allege to be protecting. It Is time for the Government to withstand an honest glimpse at the tragic occurrences that are taking innocent people’s lives, the lives of young children in these gun shootings whether they are accidental or intentional. Responsibility for these heinous killings need to be assumed and it is the Government that needs to step up to the plate and federally regulate stricter gun control policies. Stricter gun control policies should include mandatory registration of weapons with a five to ten day waiting period, licensing of all gun owners, required gun permits and purchaser permits as well. Also included in these regulations should be intensive background checks with no stipulations. Unfortunately it is a fact that many of the guns used in these mass shootings were legally owned and obtained by the parents of the perpetrators. Other than the fact that schools should also have stricter precautions and security they must also have psychological observation and tracking. Yet another policy that would be welcomed Is responsibility of the parents in such that they too can be legally charged for allowing access to incompetent of securing a gun then perhaps they should not be allowed to possess one. How to cite Current Gun Control Laws, Papers

The Difficulty of Teamwork In Organization

Question: Describe about The Difficulty of Teamwork In Organization. Answer: Introduction Any business organization is always formed with a vision of achieving certain goals in the business of the organization. However, the effectiveness of the organization and its performance depend on several factors. In their study, Minguela and Arius (2010) report that the employees are the major driving force for the success of an organization. Well-managed employees not only promotes teamwork but also forms a good foundation for the structure, decision-making, work systems and culture of the organization. When a group of different individuals works together in a team, many challenges tend to occur such as communication and relationship issues. In small, medium, and large business organization, effective teamwork is not easily achieved (Nunamaker, Reinig, Briggs 2009, p. 115). However, the question becomes what are some of the challenges these organizations face when it comes to effective teamwork? This paper focuses on teamwork within an organization and some of the challenges that come with it. It also looks into some of the organizational and management theories that can be adopted so as to ensure effective teamwork in an organization. Challenges to effective teamwork in small and large-scale organizations According to Toegel and Brasseux (2016), lack of trust is a major issue for the organizations with multiple branches and where the employees from the branches never meet to discuss the activities within their branches. It becomes extremely difficult when building a team across branches as a result of lack of familiarity amongst the employees. For instance, it is not easy building a relationship with a partner you only communicate with via phone calls or emails. As a result, Kim, ONeill, and Cho (2010) point out that without a daily interaction between employees and a chance to know one another at personal levels will reduce or eliminate the commitment and motivation of the team members to keep united team functionality. Such a communication system leads to the loss of non-verbal cues and is especially worse for organizations with multiple locations as a result of limited physical issues and time zone differences that can result in the delay of information. Body language, facial expre ssion, and the tone essential parts of effective communication and the breakage of any of them can present challenges to the team effectiveness (Bate, Khan, Pye, 2012). In his study on the challenges to effective unity and good relationship in an organization, Gross (2011) reports that inconsistency is a major challenge especially for organizations with multiple locations and departments. Even though some corporate policies tend to be consistent across the different branches and departments of an organization, different leaders and managers may come up with their management styles within the organization. For instance, terminology for the work processes as well as the items of work may also differ across the branches. As a result, fostering teamwork across multiple such branches may require different terms and standards that can cause challenges to a cohesive team building within the organization. Multiple cultural challenges within the organization such as time use, language, and expectations to professional interactions among others can cause additional challenges and influence the effectiveness of the team. For example, the Middle East and Latin Americans tends to prefer building trust at personal levels before they engage in professional interaction and work issues. American also prefers using war metaphors and sports within the work environment, something that their overseas counterparts do not do. Tribal issues and language barriers can also reduce the efficiency of the teamwork within the organization. Wang and Sung (2016) thus point out that such intercultural issues can also lead to the hindrance in the effectiveness of teamwork. Theoretical concepts and perspectives towards challenges in teamwork Theoretical perspectives and modules help in the examination, explanation, and structuring of the organizational performance perspectives. According to Hass and Mortensen (2016), most of the management theories and frameworks stresses on the need of teamwork where each team member should play his or her role to their level best so as to enable the organization to achieve the set objectives. Many organizations hence focus on establishing virtual or actual teamwork in relation to different models and theories appreciates the need of structuring the organization with the effort of both the management and the employees. For many centuries, several management theories have been put in place by many managerial researchers as they try to explain the establishment of teamwork by managers for effective organizational performance. Bernard Chester (1886 to 1961) formulated a model in the Function of Executive that presented the idea that organizations operate are corporate working systems. In his theory, he views an organization as an organism trying to survive in a hostile environment and involves other external resources that limits or challenges the actions of the organization such as capital and labor among other resources. The complexity of the organizational system led to the formulation of other theories that attempted to explain the operation of an organization. Barnard further formulated inducement and system equilibrium theories with each model having its theory on the management of an organization. The system equilibrium theory has it that there is a need for a balance between the equilibrium processes of the management and the members of the organization. On the other hand, inducement-contribution theory formulates that the management of the organization has the responsibility of brainstorming on th e solutions to the challenges facing an organization. It is hence the responsibility of the management to address issues relating to poor teamwork within the organization (Bate, Khan, Pye 2012, P. 67). Additionally, Webbers formulated a Bureaucratic model that focuses on the rational means of an organization to control or improve the human being forming the major workforce within the organization. His bureaucratic ideology suggests that an organization requires well-defined rules to make the organization perform towards the set values and goals. The model recommends a chain of command that needs to be followed in a hierarchal way from the top to the last ranks of the organization. The model also proposes that promotion as well as employment requires a demonstration of competence with the aim of training the employees and protecting them against arbitrary dismissal (Nunamaker, Reinig, Briggs 2009, p. 115). However, Lewins theory of the Force Field Analysis suggests that the activities of the employees rely on the environment with the concrete station mathematical presentation and behavior and the environmental function as its three major principles. The theory hence explains that t he management should examine the progress or stagnation of the organization in relation to the environment that directly affects the performance of employees. In his theory, Lewin argues that fate and task interdependence explains that a team is made up of people with different characters which are an advantage to the organization as a member who has never achieved a certain goal can be supported to grow towards the goal by the other members (McCafferty 2016). Action of improving teamwork in an organization in relation to the theoretical perspectives In the aim of promoting teamwork in a workplace, regular communications of the team expectations, setting achievable standards, and emphasizing on the roles of each employee and their importance leads to successful relationships and effective unity performance according to Gross (2012, p. 78). For example, maintaining the relationship between managers and staff requires the emphasis on a precious and clear two-way communication. It makes them feel as crucial contributors who are respected in the process of achieving the final product or service of the company, hence promoting effective teamwork and promotes harmony between the management and the employees of the organization. According to Kalshoven and Boon (2012), an effective teamwork in an organization thrives when individuals feel comfortable as part of the team in every responsibility. As a result, effective communication, as well as both informal and formal team building activities, company oriented outings, and team-based char itable activities can help in achieving such relationships and effective teamwork. For instance, Fernet and Austin (2013) recommend that effective communicational also help in building trust and respect amongst supervisors, co-workers, and staff leads promote innovation, collaboration, and efficiency in the workplace. The management of the organization needs to ensure that clear and concise mission strategies, rules, and responsibilities within the organization are designed. All the employees should hence have a copy of the design so every employee is made aware of the kind of duties and responsibilities bestowed upon him by the organization (Jaruseviciene et al. 2013, p. 119). It as well promotes the efficiency in the departmental duty allocation so that the department can have a goal to be achieved as a team according to Tai, Narayanan, and McAllister, (2012). Discussing how the responsibilities and mission of the organization fit the personal values of the employees is important and is the major driving force of teamwork in the success of the organizational goals, culture, and values (Curran et al. 2010, p. 45). The manager should ensure regular staff meetings are held so as to highlight regular company activities and how they are expected to work towards upholding the mission. In this manner, the employees will be motivated to work towards a common goal with openness and commitment as Toegel and Brasseux (2016) reports. As pointed out by Colbert, Bono, and Purvanova (2016), a good leader should acquire effective conflict-prevention and management skills that can foster teamwork among the employees. For example, facilitating discussions in forums such as staff meetings bring together the team thus strengthens the relationship between team members. They get a platform to share their ideas and ask clarifying and non-judgmental questions thus improving their interpersonal communication skills, wins the confidence and trust between them as denoted by Deluliis and Flinko (2016, p. 123). Their study shows that the employees can be hesitant to open up, and it is the responsibility of a leader to ease everyone by being the first person to share voluntarily. With time, the participants will proceed to very superficial disclosures and into deeper discussions as they offer their responses as they listen to others. It hence promotes self-awareness promotes better cultural diversity understanding, as well as netw orking among their leaders and colleagues. Disparate and destructive opinions are not the only major cause of poor teamwork and bad relationships within an organization. Wang and Sung (2016) points out that most destructive relationship in a workplace stems from factors such as personality, race, gender, age, and responsibilities among other factors. The conventional approach of a leader to work through such issues before they result in clashes or conflicts is to respond to such matters together with the team at lower levels when they can still be handled (Erbert 2016, p. 287). When they are not addressed in time, Baillien et al. (2016) denote that they can allow frustrations are making it very difficult to restore trust and reset negative impressions hence compromising teamwork within the organization. Keen investigations, as well as quick responses to delicate situations that can compromise teamwork and good relationship between the employees, are essential when Desperate moments call for the attention of the management (Co lbert, Bono, Purvanova 2016, p. 67). Conclusion A complex and dynamic nature of a team hence calls for a decisive and strong leader to guide and manage the team. The process hence requires an evaluation of the potential challenges that affects the team development so as to strategize or create ways that can solve the teamwork challenges before they negatively affect the performance of the organization. Building effective teams that can help achieve the set goals and objectives is a challenge to many organizations. For instance, some of the challenges tend to be multiplied or magnified when the organizations have multiple locations within the same town or globally spread out. A clear understanding and anticipation of such challenges help the management of an organization to develop functioning and effective teams. References Baillien, E, Camps, J, Van den Broeck, A, Stouten, J, Godderis, L, Sercu, M, De Witte, H, 2016, An Eye for an Eye Will Make the Whole World Blind: Conflict Escalation into Workplace Bullying and the Role of Distributive Conflict Behavior, Journal Of Business Ethics,137(2), 415-429. Bate, P, Khan, R, Pye, A 2012, 'Towards A Culturally Sensitive Approach To Organization Structuring: Where Organization Design Meets Organizational Development',Organization Science, 11, 2, pp. 197-211. Colbert, A., Bono, J., Purvanova, R.K. (2016). Flourishing via workplace relationships: moving beyond instrumental support.Academy Of Management Journal,59(4), 1199-1223. doi:10.5465/amj.2014.0506 Curran, V, Sharpe, D, Flynn, K, Button, P 2010, 'A longitudinal study of the effect of an interprofessional education curriculum on student satisfaction and attitudes towards interprofessional teamwork and education',Journal Of Interprofessional Care, 24, 1, pp. 41-52 Erbert, LA 2016, 'Organizational Sensemaking: Interpretations of Workplace "Strangeness"',International Journal Of Business Communication, 53, 3, pp. 286-305, Communication Mass Media Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 12 September 2016. Fernet, C, Austin, S, 2013, Workplace bullying and psychological health at work, The mediating role of satisfaction of needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness, Work and Stress, 27, 123140. Gross, C, 2011, Conflict escalation and coping with teamwork challenges, A replication and extension, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10, 497522. Haas, M, Mortensen, M 2016, 'The Secrets of Great Teamwork',Harvard Business Review, 94, 6, pp. 70-76, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 12 September 2016. Jaruseviciene, L., Liseckiene, I., Valius, L., Kontrimiene, A., Jarusevicius, G., Velez Lapo, L. (2013). Teamwork in primary care: perspectives of general practitioners and community nurses in Lithuania.BMC Family Practice,14(1), 118-128. doi:10.1186/1471-2296-14-118 Kalshoven, K, Boon, C, 2012, Ethical leadership, employee well-being, and helping, Journal of Personnel Psychology, 11, 6068. Kim, S, ONeill, W., Cho, H, 2010, When does an employee not help coworkers? The effect of leader-member exchange on employee envy and organizational citizenship behavior, Internal Journal of Hospitality Management, 29, 530537. McCafferty, D 2016, 'Top Challenges of Managing a Virtual Team',CIO Insight, p. 1, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 12 September 2016. Minguela, B, Arias, D 2010, 'New product performance through multifunctional teamwork: An analysis of the development process towards quality excellence',Total Quality Management Business Excellence, 20, 4, pp. 381-392. Nunamaker Jr., J, Reinig, B, Briggs, R, 2009, 'Principles for Effective Virtual Teamwork',Communications Of The ACM, 52, 4, pp. 113-117, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 12 September 2016. Toegel, G, Brasseux, J, 2016, How to Preempt Teamwork in organization with multiplebranches,Harvard Business Review, 94, 6, pp. 78-83. Wang, Y, Sung, W, 2016, Predictors of Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Ethical Leadership and Workplace Jealousy,Journal Of Business Ethics, 135, 1, pp. 117-128.

Aging and Marriage essays

Aging and Marriage essays A big aspect in keeping a marriage successful is how much communication occurs between the two people involved. For a healthy relationship there is a need for quite a bit of communication. Communication, as stated in class, is one of the key elements to a successful marriage. There has to be some open discussions and trust in the relationship to make it anywhere. If you can not talk to your partner you will not be able to solve problems in a healthy manner. You have to be able to tell your partner things to help you learn and mature with them. You have to learn how to compromise and help each other out. Communication has to be part of your relationship in some way. You cannot go through your life not talking to your partner about important issues that you should be able to talk to them about. Another important issue discussed in class was homosexuals and marriage. Homosexual marriage is an important issue because it deals with a relatively large minority of the United States. This issue is important today with respect to many different ideas. There are so many ideas of morals, family values, and those of equality, constitutionality, and right to privacy. The aspect with the most relevance is constantly left up to debate. Homosexuals are 'gay' due to a combination of factors. These factors are environment and society-the outside influences- and genetics. Hence, homosexuals do not decide their own sexuality, nor do heterosexuals. Therefore, homosexuals should have the same rights as heterosexuals, one of these rights being marriage. This is why it is of great importance to public policy whether or not homosexuality is predetermined. I am not homosexual and I am not writing this to defend homosexuals. I just believe that the whole issue is unfair towards homosexuals. Marriage goes beyond the benefits, however. The institution of marriage is a very respected one, and holds much senti ...

5 Steps to Writing a Hassle-Free Literature Review

5 Steps to Writing a Hassle-Free Literature Review When youre tasked with writing a lengthy academic study such as a journal article, thesis or dissertation, a literature review will likely be a part of that process. The literature review portion of your research is perhaps one of the most difficult sections to write. A well-written literature review will provide a summary of the scholarly sources youve used in your research. It will also summarize the current knowledge and scholarship surrounding the topic youve chosen to study in more depth, including any patterns, themes, or gaps that are in the research. If the research you plan to conduct will fill any of these gaps, the literature review should mention that, as well.Depending on the type of writing that will be required, your literature review could be a separate chapter, or it could part of the introduction or part of the theoretical framework. In some cases, a literature review might be written on its own as a survey of scholarly knowledge on a topic. However, in either case, here are the five steps to writing a hassle-free literature review.A literature review is a survey of scholarly knowledge that has been published on a certain topic. Photo by Henry Be on Unsplash.Step 1- Narrow your topicOne of the first and easiest mistakes to make when writing a literature review is to start with a topic that is too broad. Since the literature review will provide a foundation for your research, it needs to be narrowed enough to provide a solid one.For example, lets say you want to research the topic of childhood obesity. Obviously, there will be hundreds of scholarly sources that focus on that topic, so trying to summarize all of them would be not only difficult- it would be useless for the purposes of your own research.However, you can break that topic down even further to narrow the scope of your research. For example, instead, you could research childhood obesity and social development among middle-school-aged children. With this narrowed topic, the scholarly research you find will include all (or most) of the important keywords of your research: childhood obesity, social development, middle school. That makes your search for pertinent, relevant research a much easier task.Step 2- Gather your sources and pick the right ones to useNow that you have a narrowed topic, step two will be much easier than it would have been otherwise. In this step, you find recent, relevant research that includes your keywords and informs your knowledge on the topic. While reading the most recent scholarly articles or books, youll begin to notice certain studies or theories that the authors consistently refer to as a foundation for their own study. This is usually a good indicator that you should include those previous studies and theories in your own literature review, to provide your readers with a summary of the most relevant ideas surrounding that topic.To put it simply- determining which sources you will include in your literature review is really a matter of: 1) knowing how to identify the important, foundational (landmark) studies that have been conducted and 2) knowing how to identify current, relevant studies.Landmark studiesIf youre researching in a field youve studied extensively already, youre likely to already know the relevant research that is important to note, otherwise known as landmark studies. For example, in the field of Education, the early childhood development research of Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, and John Dewey are foundational in almost any research related to a childs development. Therefore, many literature reviews will mention them and briefly summarize what they added to the scholarly knowledge foundational to the topic.Current studiesWhile its impossible to read everything thats published relating to a topic- even a narrow one- you can find the relevant research by noticing the attention its getting and the number of times its been cited in other studies. You can use several websites to discover how many time s an article has been cited and this article provides easy links and instructions on how to do this.However, just because an article or book has been often cited doesnt mean you have to use it for your own research. You can find other relevant articles by looking through abstracts and determining if the research is both credible and useful for your own. You should also use this opportunity to see if there is perhaps a gap in the research- something that needs to be explored that hasnt been thoroughly explored by other researchers. Or, is there a different approach you want to take in your own methodology that will close a gap or answer a question that is still out there in the scholarly writing available on your topic?Step 3- Find connections, patterns, disagreements, pivotal changes and gapsNow that youve determined which sources you plan to use, you can begin reading over them in more detail to look for connections, patterns, disagreements, pivotal changes and gaps in the literatu re. Its important at this step to find trends that keep showing up as you read, as well as themes that arise. Youll also want to note where different researchers agree or disagree, and why there is a discrepancy in their understanding or hypotheses.You might also find that a certain past study changed scholarly discourse in a major way. That would be a pivotal moment to note in your literature review, since it is foundational in the overall scholarship surrounding the topic.Finally, you want to find and acknowledge any gaps you note in the literature. For example, for our childhood obesity and social development among middle-school-aged children, you might find that none of the research youve come across seems to take into account comorbidity of obesity and mental health issues in middle-school-aged children. Therefore, its a gap in the research that you can address in your literature review and potentially fill in your research.Its important that you, as a researcher, find and ackn owledge any gaps you note in the literature. Photo by Bruno Figueiredo on Unsplash.Step 4- Determine how you will organize your literature reviewNow that you know which sources you plan to use to compile your literature review (and thus, inform your own research), its important to organize the summary of these sources to make your analysis easier for your reader to follow.ChronologicalThis is one of the easiest and most popular ways to organize a literature review. Its easy to do because you simply mention each source in the order it was published, beginning with the earlier, landmark studies. However, the problem with this organizational structure is its easy to just list your summaries, one after the other, without pointing out any patterns or themes that occur among them. Youll need to focus on showing how the scholarship has changed and evolved over the years, as well as mention any important turning points that might have occurred.TheoreticalSince the sources you have been read ing have all resulted in a theoretical analysis or hypothesis, you can organize your literature review from a theoretical standpoint, showing how the framework was built. If there is a certain theoretical approach to your topic of study that you prefer above others, this might be the best way for you to organize your literature review.ThematicThematic organization of your literature review is the best way to approach it if you want to point out various themes that have come up in your exploration of the topic. For example, returning to our previously mentioned topic, childhood obesity and social development among middle-school-aged children, we might find multiple themes that arise, such as forming friendships, self-confidence, bullying, and family bonds. If we want to study the topic within these four themes or parameters, a thematic-organized literature review will be the best bet.MethodologicalMethodological organization for your literature review will focus on the various method ologies used in prior studies and mention each based on that factor. For example, you might first look at quantitative studies that were done on the topic, then look at qualitative ones, comparing the results of both. Or, you might first analyze literature that shows empirical methodologies, then analyze a more theoretical approach.Step 5- Write your literature reviewNow that youve gone through the other steps, this should be the easy part. As you write, remember that your task is to summarize and synthesize all relevant scholarly work on your topic, while also analyzing any gaps, patterns, inconsistencies, or themes that emerge.Note that as you write, you need to remain as critical and objective as possible in your overview of literature. If you feel that there were biases and you have a substantial case to make with it, include your analysis on that fact. If you feel that certain studies had stronger methodologies or frameworks than others, mention that, as well. The point of a li terature review is to let your reader know that you have researched your topic in depth and have a credible, solid foundation from which to continue that study or pose hypotheses connected to it.

Language Confusion in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night Essay

Language Confusion in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night - Essay Example In literary critics, views that Feste has assumed the spirit of the Twelve Night festivities which involves having fun and tossing the bird towards authority figures (Ford, 145). Despite the belief by Caesario, the disguised Olivia, she believes that Feste remains one of the wisest cats in Illyria. The description fits Feste through his expressed genius nature with words. Feste is endowed with the talent of punning, clever banter and word play. It is amazing how Feste utilizes his skills throughout the Twelfth Night (Ford, 148). Feste appears fond of amicably sizing up situations as they come and at the same time the characters around him allowing him to discern the foolishness of the individuals around him. The character not only tickles individuals but, at the same time ends up providing him with an opportunity to earn a few bucks. Feste mocks the Olivia saying that she has over indulge in mourning which, he, Feste, views as a foolish behavior. Further, Feste mocks Duke Orsino’s moods as being excess. To emphasize the extent he compares Orsino’s mind with an ‘apal’ that constantly changes its color (Ford,